Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bifidobacterium longum ( for each)
28
43
Maltodextrin
HbA1c, FBG, HOMA-IR, INS, and BMI
6
Outcomes: HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; FBG: fasting blood glucose; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; INS: insulin; TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IL-6: interleukin-6; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; BMI: body mass index. Note: both intervention and control groups were under intermittent fasting.