The Links between Energy Consumption, Financial Development, and Economic Growth in Lebanon: Evidence from Cointegration with Unknown Structural Breaks

Table 8

VECM Granger causality analysis.

Dependent variable	Direction of causality
	Short run			Long run	Joint long-and-short run causality
		⋯	3.7677	2.5274	−0.8753	⋯	9.7481	8.5766
	2.2240	⋯	3.0709	−0.0491	2.3876	⋯	2.5597
	2.8445	1.5706	⋯	−0.2735	4.2855	3.5162	⋯

Note: , , and show significance at 1, 5, and 10 per cent levels, respectively.