Involvement of HMGB1 in Resistance to Tumor Vessel-Targeted, Monoclonal Antibody-Based Immunotherapy

Figure 1

Functions of high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1). HMGB1 modulates inflammation, immunity, chemotaxis, and tissue regeneration. HMGB1 leads to NF-κB activation that in turn can upregulate inflammatory cytokine production, HMGB1 secretion, and HMGB1 receptor expression (TRL2, TRL24, RAGE, TRL9, and TREM1). HMGB1 participates in DNA replication, recombination, transcription, and repair. HMGB1 interacts with TLR9 in the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment. HMGB1 promotes autophagy. Cytosolic HMGB1 binds to Beclin-1 which promotes autophagosome formation and dynamic intracellular trafficking during autophagy.