Upper Airway Epithelial Tissue Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Immune Signatures Associated with COVID-19 Severity in Ghanaians

Table 1

Disease characteristics of COVID-19-infected Ghanaians used in this study.

Participants characteristics	All participants (N = 64)	COVID-19 cases (N = 42)		Uninfected control (N = 22)
		Mild (N = 36)	Severe (N = 6)
Female	34 (53.1%)	18 (50%)	4 (66.7%)	12 (54.5%)
Male	30 (46.9%)	18 (50%)	2 (33.3%)	10 (45.5%)
Age (median)	46.5 (years)	46 (years)	79.5 (years)	49.7 (years)
Symptoms
Fever	—	31 (86.1%)	6 (100%)	1 (4.5%)
Cough	—	27 (75%)	6 (100%)	0
Shortness of breath	—	0	6 (100%)	0
Headache	—	36 (100%)	4 (66.7%)	2 (9.1%)
Running nose	—	32 (88.9%)	5 (83.3%)	0
Sore throat	—	19 (52.8%)	5 (83.3%)	0
Fatigue	—	9 (25%)	6 (100%)	0
Muscle and joint pain	—	13 (36.1%)	6 (100%)	0
Chill	—	0	6 (100%)	0
Required mechanical ventilation	—	0	2 (33.3%)	0

Shortness of breath, chills, and mechanical ventilation were associated with severity.