|
Name of disease | Effects | Risk score | Biomarker | References |
|
Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia | Premature cardiovascular morbidity and mortality | 10–20% | Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol | |
|
Hypertriglyceridemia/ hypertriglyceridemia | Elevated levels of Lp(a) | 20% | Lipid profile | |
|
Chronic kidney disease | Elevated levels of Lp(a) | 10% | Lipid profile | |
|
Cholelithiasis | Gall stone formation due to cholesterol and salts | 20% | LDL cholesterol and small dense LDL particles | |
|
Hypercholesterolemia | Very high CVD risks | 20% | LDL cholesterol and small dense LDL particles | |
|
Atherosclerosis | Arterial obstruction, chest pain | 20–25% ABCA1 efflux | Polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) and carbohydrates, serum -glutamyl transferase activity, blood genomic profiling, and 47 integrin (LPAM-1) | [6, 7, 45–48] |
|
Coronary heart disease | Monocytosis, high diabetics, hypertension, and chronic kidney diseases | 20%, | Impaired sterol efflux, efflux capacity of high-density lipoprotein, HDL), myeloperoxidase increasing circulating HDL | [7] |
|
Hyperglycaemia or type 1 diabetes | CVD and mortality | 25%, | (TC), (TG), HDL, LDL, and anthropometric and biochemical parameters | [8] |
|
Dyslipidemia | Hypoperfusion, high inflammation, and low BP | 10% | TC, (TG), HDL, LDL, and anthropometric and biochemical parameters | [8, 42] |
|
Atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease | Prevalent, morbid, and mortal diseases | 20% Shortening of lumen | LDL cholesterol | [9] |
|
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) | Endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation | 10–20% | Lipids, cholesterol, calcium, and cellular debris | [11] |
|
Diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure | Asymptomatic hypertension | 20% | Myocardial remodeling | [12] |
|
Chronic heart failures | ADP-induced platelet aggregation, triglycerides, end-diastolic volume, end-diastolic dimension, and ventricular septal thickness death | 15–20% | Lipidemic, hemostasiological, and hemodynamic indicators, Willebrand factor, and D-dimer, | [13] |
|
Myocardial infarction | Very high morbidity, severe pain | 20–25% | Circulating microRNAs level in patients | [17] |
|
Lipid stress and storage | Influence cholesterol availability in lipid rafts in immune cells | High LDL/HDL cholesterol levels | Omega-3 Index | [15, 16, 18] |
|
Neuronal dysfunction | Neuronal cell death and neuroinflammatory | 10–15% | 27-hydroxycholesterol, plasma HDL, N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) | [21] |
|
Transient global cerebral ischemia | Cardiac arrest and cardiovascular problems | 5–10% | -3 PUFAs | [22] |
|
Hypoglycaemia | Cardiac implications | 5–10% | Elevated levels of Lp(a) and low HDL cholesterol | [23] |
|
Hypertriglyceridemia/coronary artery disease (CAD)/acute coronary syndrome | Severe effect on BMR and peripheral and cardiac circulation | 5–10% | Altered serum lipid | [1, 33] |
|
HDL metabolism disorders | Severe inflammation and pain | 5–10% | Lipid droplets (LDs) | [24] |
|
Nephrotic syndrome | Renal filtration chocked | 5–10% | LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and Lp(a) | |
|
Fatal myocardial infarction and brain stroke | Cardiovascular risks, morbidity, and mortality in elderly men | 20–25% | Fat-specific protein Fsp27, fat storage-inducing transmembrane (FIT) proteins, seipin,and ADP-ribosylation factor 1-coat protein complex I | [24] |
|
Systemic lupus erythematosus | Problem of PCV and hemoglobin | 5% | Factors, proteins, ions, and stimulators of heart muscles | [34] |
|
Acute myocardial infarction | Death of part of myocardial muscles, central chest pain, and severe crushing | 20–25% | Serum soluble ST2 and interleukin-33 | [36, 37] |
|
Hypertension and dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia | Cardiovascular risk factors | 15–20% | Total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins | [41] |
|
SCVRs | Tachyarrhythmias, bradyarrhythmias | 5–10% | BP and LDL-C, high BMI | [43] |
|
Hyperhomocysteinemia | High TC and pathogenesis | 5% | LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, ApoAI, and ApoB Lp(a) | [44] |
|
AVDs, type 2 diabetes, or metabolic syndrome | Increased levels of triglycerides, low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and postprandial lipemia | 20–25% | MetS | [49, 50] |
|
Procardiovascular risks, cardiovascular risks | Inflammation, obesity, and thrombosis | 5–10% | Sedentary behavior, -trace protein from GFR marker | [38, 40, 51] |
|
Metabolic lipid disorders | Circulatory dysfunctions, high BP, peripheral pain, and high or low BMR | 5–10% | MALDI-MS, imaging and lipidomics for clinical diagnosis, and proteome analysis | [52, 53] |
|
Ischemic heart disease | Circulatory dysfunctions | Smoking, hypertension, age, family history | Endothelial dysfunction, monocyte accumulation, endothelial apoptosis, and thrombus formation | [54] |
|
Low HDL-C syndromes | Increased risk of CAD | 5% | Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 and glucocerebrosidase | [55] |
|
Hypothyroidism and gall stone | Severe pain, inflammation | 5% | TSH level and sodium and potassium salts | [56] |
|
Multiple CVDs, diabetes, stroke, and recurrent ischaemia syndrome | Hepatic inflammation due to common carotid intima-media thickness | 10–20% | Multiple biomarkers, vascular imaging | [57, 58] |
|
Angina pectoris | Obesity, arterial thickness, BMI and respiration rate, and severe chest pain | 10–20% | Coronary angiography | [24] |
|
Antiphospholipid syndrome | Venous thrombosis | 5% | microRNAs | [59, 60] |
|
Myocardial infarction | Pregnancy associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A in serum) | 15% | Severe blood pressure changes, central chest pain, and silent or knocking angina | [61] |
|