Lipoproteins as Markers for Monitoring Cancer Progression

Table 2

Summary and characteristics of the clinical studies.

Author/year	Country	Study design	Type of lipoprotein	Sample	Type of cancer	Main findings
Brantley et al. [33]; Ref 32	USA	Prospective cohort study	TG, LDL-C, HDL-C	Case: 341	Colorectal cancer	Increase HDL-C exhibits beneficial effect on recurrence-free survival among statin users.; Serum LDL-C and triglycerides were not associated with colorectal cancer recurrence.
Benn et al. [19]; Ref 18	Denmark	Mendelian randomization study	LDL-C	Case: 70,179	Invasive cancer	LDL-C level was associated with an increased cancer risk 43% increase (% to 79% increase).
Bhat et al. [17]; Ref 16	India	Case-control study	TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C	Total: 120; Case: 60; Control: 60	Breast cancer	LDL-C increased significantly (; ) only in the postmenopausal women than controls but HDL-C remains unchanged.
Crespo-Sanjuan et al. [30]; Ref 28	Spain	Case-control study	oxLDL, HDL-C	Total: 142; Case: 128; Control: 14	Colorectal cancer	Increase of oxLDL at the polyp stage in patients without dysplasia indicates relevance of oxLDL as an early risk marker.; Increase of HDL-C in patients shows that HDL-C has protective effect.
Diakowska et al. [14]; Ref 13	Poland	Case-control observational study	TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C	Total: 108; Case: 73; Control: 35	Colorectal cancer	oxLDL was significantly higher in early stage of primary tumor than advanced stage tumor.
Hu et al. [15]; Ref 15	China	FIESTA observational study	TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C	Case: 3012	Gastric cancer	Atherogenic index and LHR are better predictor of gastric cancer mortality in male patients or TNM stages I and II or intestinal type gastric cancer.
Jamnagerwalla et al. [12]; Ref 11	USA	REDUCE observational study	TC, HDL-C, LDL-C	Case: 4974	Prostate cancer	High total cholesterol and high HDL-C were associated with increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer.
Kumar et al. [21]; Ref 20	India	Case-control study	TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, and VLDL-C	Total: 200; Case: 100; Control: 100	Breast cancer	LDL-C, TG, and TC were associated with breast cancer (). However, there was no association with different grades of carcinoma. LDL-C, TG, and TC may have some role in aetiology of breast cancer.
Laisupasin et al. [22]; Ref 21	Thailand	Case-control study	TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, and VLDL-C	Total: 403; Case: 249; Control: 154	Breast cancer	TG, LDL-C, and VLDL-C levels in breast cancer group were significantly increased than normal control group (). HDL-C and TC levels were not associated.
Llanos et al. [18]; Ref 17	USA	Case-control study	TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C	Total: 199; Case: 97; Control: 102	Breast cancer	Increase of LDL-C was inversely associated with breast cancer risk ( (0.21–0.81)). Low level of HDL-C was associated with significant increase in breast cancer risk ( (1.06–3.74)).
Lofterød et al. [31]; Ref 29	Norway	Prospective study; Tromsø study	Total cholesterol; Triglycerides; HDL-C	Case: 464	Breast cancer	Significant interaction between triglycerides and TNBC and HDL-C to total cholesterol ratio and TNBC; Strong association between prediagnostic triglycerides and overall mortality and breast cancer-free interval in TNBC patients; 5-year overall survival lower in TNBC patients having high triglycerides; HER2 patients with high triglycerides and HDL-C to total cholesterol ratio exhibit inverse association with overall mortality.
Ma et al. [29]; Ref 27	China	Observational study	oxLDL	Case: 28	Gastric cancer	Concentration of plasma oxLDL is significantly increased at higher stage of lymph node metastasis.
Mosapour et al. [34]; Ref 31	Iran	Case-control study	VLDL-C	Total: 105; Case: malignant (50), benign (35); Control: 20	Breast cancer	Positive association between VLDL-C with grade, Ki67, and size of tumor; High level of VLDL-C in premenopausal patients
Nowak et al. [20]; Ref 19	Sweden	Mendelian randomization study	HDL-C and LDL-C	>400,000	Breast cancer	Raised LDL-C increased the risk of breast cancer ( (1.02–1.18)) and ER-positive breast cancer ( (1.05–1.24)). Raised HDL-C increased the risk of ER-positive breast cancer ( (1.01–1.26)).
Raza et al. [24]; Ref 23	Pakistan	Case-control study	TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C	Total: 384; Case: 208; Control: 176	Breast cancer	Increase in TC (4%), LDL-C (23%), and TG (11%) was observed from tumor grades I and II, significantly high () compared to control subjects.
Rodrigues dos Santos et al. [25, 26]; Ref 24	Portugal	Prospective	TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C	244	Breast cancer	Systemic level of LDL-C was correlated positively with tumor size (Spearman’s , ).
Saito et al. [28]; Ref 26	Japan	Prospective	LDL-C	16,217	Liver cancer	Low LDL-C 4.33 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.94, 9.68) was associated with elevated risk of mortality in liver cancer.
Wan et al. [23]; Ref 22	China	Case-control study	oxLDL-C	Total: 100; Case: 75; Control: 25	Prostate cancer	oxLDL-C level was significantly correlated with N stage of prostate cancer.
Xie et al. [27]; Ref 25	China	Case-control study	TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C	Total: 1140; Case: 16; Control: 1124	Nasopharyngeal carcinoma	TG and TC were independent risk factors in male NPC patients with and , respectively.
Yang et al. [13]; Ref 12	China	Case-control study	TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, oxLDL-C	Total: 67; Case: 39; Control: 19; Healthy: 9	Leukemia	oxLDL was significantly higher in patients with leukemia than those without malignancies.
Yuan et al. [32]; Ref 30	China	Retrospective study	TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, Apo A, Apo B	Case: 99	Gallbladder cancer	Decrease in HDL-C correlated with poor survival

TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL-C: very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; oxLDL-C: oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.