|
| Author/year | Country | Study design | Type of lipoprotein | Sample | Type of cancer | Main findings |
|
González-Chavarría et al. [59]
Ref 58 | Chile | In vitro | oxLDL | Human prostate cancer cells (C4-2, C4-2B,: NCAP, PC3, DU-145) | Prostate cancer | oxLDL induces EMT characteristics. |
Huang et al. [62]
Ref 61 | Austria | In vitro
In vivo | Total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, VLDL-C, HDL-C | Bcr/Abl precursor B cells
Mouse primary hepatocytes | B cell tumor | Tumor-mediated hyperlipidemia provides LDL cholesterol to support tumor growth. |
Khaidakov et al. [61]
Ref 60 | USA | In vitro | oxLDL-C | Human mammary epithelial cells (MCF10A) | Breast cancer | Mammary epithelial cells respond to oxLDL-C by upregulating proliferative and proinflammatory signals that are part of the oxLDL-C-induced reactions in MCF10A cells. It is mediated by oncogenic hsa-miR-21 by inhibiting its target gene PTEN and triggers the PI3K/Akt pathway. |
Llaverias [58]
Ref 57 | Spain | Mouse model | oxLDL | MMTV-PyMT mice | Breast cancer | oxLDL promotes tumor but supplementation of high-fat diet with phytosterol-enriched diet protects LDL from oxidation. |
Lu et al. [35]
Ref 33 | Taiwan | In vitro | HDL-C, LDL-C, and VLDL-C | Cancer cell lines MCF7, HS578T, MDA-MB-468, and MDA-MB-231, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) | Breast cancer | VLDL-C and LDL-C promote breast cancer cell aggressiveness through enhancing cell migration/invasion and angiogenic activities. However, only VLDL-C provides survival advantage in anchorage-independent condition. |
Ma et al. [29]
Ref 27 | China | In vitro
In vivo | oxLDL-C | Gastric cancer cell lines HGC-27, MGC-803, and AGS
BALB/c nude mice | Gastric cancer | oxLDL promotes expression of VEGF.
oxLDL induces NFκB signaling via LOX1.
Lymphatic vessel density was significantly higher than adjacent tissues.
Weigh and volume of popliteal lymph nodes were significantly increased compared to control. |
McCaw [41]
Ref 40 | Canada | In vitro | LDL-C | Primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells from human | CLL | LDL degradation product stimulates CLL cells but not the normal lymphocytes. |
Moss et al. [44]
Ref 43 | USA | In vitro
In vivo | LDL-C | Primary hepatocytes from Balb/C mice | Liver cancer | Selective LDL-DHA treatment induced toxicity in tumor tissue and cells. |
Murtola et al. [40]
Ref 38 | Finland | In vitro | LDL-C | Prostatic epithelial cell lines (P96E and P97E), in vitro immortalized epithelial cell lines (PWR-1E and RWPE-1), and cancer cell lines (LNCaP and VCaP) | Prostate cancer | Increasing doses of LDL-C induce number of in prostate cancer cells unlike its effect to normal epithelial cells. Both normal and cancer cells increase the production of effectors that ensure the synthesis and uptake of cholesterol under depletion. |
Navarro et al. [42]
Ref 41 | Spain | In vitro | Total cholesterol
Triglycerides | Rat hepatoma cells | Hepatocellular carcinoma cells | SND1 oncoprotein induces cholesterol ester accumulation. It causes lower use of fatty acid for triglyceride synthesis. |
Ou et al. [45]
Ref 44 | USA | In vitro | | Human liver tumor cell lines (PLC/PRF/5)
Rat hepatoma cell line (H4HE) | Hepatocellular carcinoma | LDL-DHA induces cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma via ferroptosis pathway. |
Rodrigues dos Santos et al. [25, 26]
Ref 39 | Portugal | In vitro | LDL-C | Cancer cell line HTB20, MDA MB 231 | Breast cancer | Microarray analysis shows overexpression of Akt and ERK pathway intermediates suggesting LDL-C induces survival response. |
Rodrigues et al. [42]
Ref 34 | Portugal | In vitro
In vivo | LDL-C | Vg9Vd2 T cells, MDA-MB-231
Xenograft mouse model | Breast cancer | LDL-C causes impaired IFNγ and lower cytotoxicity by T lymphocyte. |
Scoles et al. [57]
Ref 56 | USA | In vitro | oxLDL-C | Ovarian carcinoma cells CAOV3, ES2, OVCAR3, PA1, SKOV3, SCOC882, CSOC909, A2780, and CP70 | Ovarian cancer | oxLDL in low concentration causes stimulation of ovarian cancer cell than LDL. |
Sobot et al. [37]
Ref 35 | Germany | In vitro | LDL-C | MDA-MB-231. MCF7, CK-OV-3, A549 | Breast cancer
Ovarian adenocarcinoma
Adenocarcinoma alveolar basal epithelial | Presence of more lipid droplets in MDA-MB-231 cells that express higher LDL receptor (LDLR) |
Wan et al. [23]
Ref 22 | China | In vitro | oxLDL-C | Cancer cell lines, LNCaP and PC-3 | Prostate cancer | oxLDL-C stimulates proliferation, migration, and invasion of LNCaP and PC-3. |
Wang et al. [60]
Ref 59 | China | In vitro | oxLDL-C | Human lung cancer cells HCC827, A549, H441, H446, H460, and H522 | Lung adenocarcinoma | Increase uptake of oxLDL promotes metastasis via C/EBP6 regulation. |
Wen et al. [43]
Ref 42 | United States | Animal model | LDL | Rat | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Hepatocellular carcinoma cells exhibit uptake of LDL nanoparticles. Incorporation of HAD provides selective targeting of cancer cells. |
Zhao et al. [39]
Ref 37 | China | In vitro
Human tissue | Total cholesterol
Triglycerides | Hepatoma cell lines (HepG2, H7402, Huh7, MHCC-97L, MHCC-97H, and SMCC-7721)
Hepatocellular tissues | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Accumulation of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and lipid droplet is stimulated by SPIN1 via FASN. |
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