Dyslipidemias: Prevalence and Associated Factors among Lactating Women in a Lower- and Middle-Income Country, Ghana
Table 4
Chi-square analysis of factors associated with the various types of dyslipidemias.
Variable
Hypocholesterolemia (%)
,
Hypercholesterolemia (%)
,
Hypertriglyceride (%)
,
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Religion
Christianity
47 (31.3)
103 (68.7)
0.970, 0.325
40 (26.7)
110 (73.3)
0.990, 0.320
18 (12.0)
132 (88.0)
0.613, 0.434
Islam
12 (24)
38 (76)
17 (66.0)
33 (34.0)
4 (8.0)
46 (92.0)
Educational status
Educated
46 (26.7)
126 (73.3)
4.486, 0.034
49 (28.5)
123 (71.5)
0.001, 0.993
19 (11.0)
153 (89.0)
0.003, 1.000
Noneducated
13 (46.4)
15 (53.6)
8 (28.6)
20 (71.4)
3 (10.7)
25 (89.3)
Occupation
Employed
45 (28.8)
111 (71.2)
0.146, 0.703
44 (28.2)
112 (71.8)
0.030, 0.862
18 (11.5)
138 (88.5)
0.210, 0.789
Unemployed
14 (31.8)
30 (68.2)
13 (29.5)
31 (70.5)
4 (9.1)
40 (90.9)
Residence
Rural
9 (32.1)
19 (67.9)
0.109, 0.741
52 (30.2)
120 (69.8)
1.810, 0.179
19 (11.0)
153 (89.0)
0.003, 0.958
Urban
50 (29.1)
122 (70.9)
5 (17.9)
23 (82.1)
3 (10.7)
25 (89.3)
Distance to work
Far
38 (29.2)
92 (70.8)
0.013, 0.909
35 (26.9)
95 (73.1)
0.453, 0.501
11 (8.5)
119 (91.5)
2.445, 0.118
Near
21 (30.0)
49 (70.0)
22 (31.4)
48 (68.6)
11 (15.7)
59 (84.3)
Income status
High income
3 (17.6)
14 (82.4)
9 (52.9)
8 (47.1)
2 (11.8)
15 (88.2)
2.569, 0.277
Low income
29 (30.5)
66 (69.5)
1.256, 0.534
25 (26.3)
70 (73.7)
5.447, 0.066
7 (7.4)
88 (92.6)
Middle income
27 (30.7)
61 (69.3)
23 (26.1)
65 (73.9)
13 (14.8)
75 (85.2)
Means of transport#
Engine vehicle
43 (31.4)
94 (68.6)
0.745, 0.388
40 (29.2)
97 (70.8)
0.104, 0.747
15 (10.9)
122 (89.1)
0.001, 0.973
Foot
16 (25.4)
47 (74.6)
17 (27.0)
46 (73.0)
7 (11.1)
56 (88.9)
Exercise level##
Maybe
16 (34.0)
31 (66.0)
24 (25.8)
69 (74.2)
8 (8.6)
85 (91.4)
None
17 (28.3)
43 (71.7)
0.612, 0.736
18 (30.0)
42 (70.0)
0.666, 0.717
8 (13.3)
52 (86.7)
1.030, 0.598
Often
26 (34.0)
67 (72.0)
15 (31.9)
32 (68.1)
6 (12.8)
41 (87.2)
Alcohol intake
No
56 (30.6)
127 (69.4)
1.255, 0.263
54 (29.5)
129 (70.5)
1.074, 0.405
22 (12.0)
161 (88.0)
2.296, 0.226
Yes
3 (17.6)
14 (82.4)
3 (17.6)
14 (82.4)
0 (0.0)
17 (100.0)
Breastfeeding type
Exclusive
44 (29.7)
104 (70.3)
0.014, 0.904
41(27.7)
107 (72.3)
0.178, 0.673
15 (10.1)
133 (89.9)
0.435, 0.510
Nonexclusive
15 (28.8)
37 (71.2)
16 (30.8)
36 (69.2)
7 (13.5)
45 (86.5)
Delivery outcome
Single
54 (29.3)
130 (70.7)
0.026, 0.873
53 (28.8)
131 (71.2)
0.105, 0.746
21(11.4)
163 (88.6)
0.401, 0.527
Twins
5 (31.3)
11 (68.8)
4 (25.0)
12 (75.0)
1 (6.3)
15 (93.87)
Parity
Uniparous
18 (29.0)
44 (71.0)
0.009, 0.923
19 (30.6)
43 (69.4)
0.203, 0.652
8 (12.9)
54 (87.1)
0.332, 0.564
Multiparous
41 (29.7)
97 (70.3)
38 (27.5)
100 (72.5)
14 (10.1)
124 (89.9)
Type of delivery
Normal 1
52 (31.7)
112 (68.3)
46 (28.0)
118 (72.0)
17 (10.4)
147 (89.6)
Cesarean section 2
7 (21.9)
25 (78.1)
2.953, 0.127
11 (34.4)
21 (65.6)
2.153, 0.341
5 (15.6)
27 (84.4)
1.261, 0.532
Forceps 3
0 (0.0)
4 (100.0)
0 (0.0)
4 (100.0)
0 (0.0)
4 (100.0)
Duration of lactation
<7 months
13 (25.5)
38 (74.5)
0.529, 0.467
9 (17.6)
42 (82.4)
3.957, 0.047
7 (13.7)
44 (86.3)
0.519, 0.471
>6months
46 (30.9)
103 (69.1)
48 (32.2)
101 (67.8)
15 (10.1)
134 (89.9)
= number of pregnant women; = Pearson’s chi-square value; = value; significant at <0.05 (2-tailed). Near (place of residence close that they can walk to the health facility), far (need to take a vehicle to health facility). High income (>GHS1,000.00), middle income (GHS500.00–1,000.00), and low income (<GHS500.00). #Engine vehicle = motorbikes or cars. ##Exercise level is defined as any form of physical activity (walking, farming, etc.): often (at least five times a week), maybe (at least two times a week). Hypocholesterolemia = serum concentration levels of HDL lower than 1.0 mmol/L; hypercholesterolemia = serum concentration levels of LDL greater than 3.3 mmol/L; hypertriglycerides = serum concentration levels of triglycerides higher than 2.2 mmol/L [23]. The values in bold means those analysis was statistically significant.
