Research Article

Dyslipidemias: Prevalence and Associated Factors among Lactating Women in a Lower- and Middle-Income Country, Ghana

Table 5

Chi-square analysis of dietary factors associated with various types of dyslipidemias.

VariableHypocholesterolemia
(%)
, Hypercholesterolemia
(%)
, Hypertriglyceride
(%)
,
YesNoYesNoYesNo

Frequency of fruit intake
 Daily0 (0.0)3 (100.0)24 (29.6)57 (70.4)11 (13.6)70 (86.4)
 Weekly28 (28.9)69 (71.1)1.630, 0.65323 (23.7)74 976.3)4.496, 0.2139 (9.3)88 (90.7)3.012, 0.390
 Monthly5 (26.3)14 (73.7)9 (47.4)10 (52.6)1 (5.3)18 (94.7)
Quantity of fruit intake
 Small16 (25.4)47 (74.6)2.290, 0.51421 (33.3)42 (66.7)5 (7.9)58 (92.1)
 Moderate39 (32.5)81 (67.5)34 (28.3)86 (71.7)3.892, 0.27315 (12.5)105 (87.5)2.621, 0.454
 Large4 (28.6)10 (71.4)1 (7.1)13 (92.9)1 (7.1)13 (92.9)
Frequency of vegetable intake
 Daily17 (34.7)32 (65.3)7.859, 0.04915 (30.6)34 (69.4)0.685, 0.8775 (10.2)44 (89.8)0.446, 0.931
 Weekly35 (25.5)102 (74.5)37 (27.0)100 (73)15 (10.9)122 (89.1)
 Monthly6 (66.7)3 (33.3)3 (33.3)6 (66.7)1 (11.1)8 (88.9)
Quantity of vegetable intake
 Small8 (26.7)22 (73.3)2.023, 0.5685 (16.7)25 (83.3)2.828, 0.4191 (3.3)29 (96.7)2.814, 0.421
 Moderate37 (28.0)95 (72.0)40 (30.3)92 (69.7)15 (11.4)117 (88.6)
 Large13 (39.4)20 (60.6)11 (33.3)22 (66.7)5 (15.2)28 (84.8)
Frequency of butter intake
 Daily11 (25.6)32 (74.4)4.668, 0.1988 (18.6)35 (81.4)3.068, 0.3816 (14.0)37 (86.0)2.689, 0.442
 Weekly3 (15.0)17 (85.0)5 (25.0)15 (75.0)1 (5.0)19 (95.0)
 Monthly45 (33.6)89 (66.4)43 (32.1)91 (67.9)14 (10.4)120 (89.6)
Quantity of butter intake
 Small23 (22.3)80 (77.7)6.473, 0.09130 (29.1)73 (70.9)0.244, 0.97010 (9.7)93 (90.3)1.771, 0.621
 Moderate29 (39.7)44 (60.3)21 (28.8)52 (71.2)10 (13.7)63 (86.3)
 Large6 (31.6)13 (68.4)14 (73.7)14 (73.7)1 (5.3)18 (94.7)
Frequency of egg intake
 Daily9 (26.5)25 (73.5)2.326, 0.5088 (23.5)26 (76.5)1.383, 0.7103 (8.8)31 (91.2)2.257, 0.521
 Weekly29 (33.9)57 (66.3)28 (32.6)58 (67.4)8 (9.3)78 (90.7)
 Monthly21 (27.3)56 (72.7)20 (26.0)57 (74.0)10 (13.0)67 (87.0)
Quantity of egg intake
 Small25 (26.9)68 (73.1)2.459, 0.48328 (30.1)65 (69.9)0.644, 0.8867 (7.5)86 (92.5)2.527, 0.470
 Moderate25 (29.8)59 (70.2)24 (28.6)60 (71.4)11 (13.1)73 (86.9)
 Large8 (44.4)10 (55.6)4 (22.2)14 (77.8)3 (16.7)15 (83.5)
Frequency of milk intake
 Daily26 (28.0)67 (72.0)1.776, 0.62029 (31.2)64 (68.8)1.612, 0.6579 (9.7)84 (90.3)1.726, 0.631
 Weekly12 (34.3)23 (65.7)7 (20.0)28 (80.0)4 (11.4)31 (88.6)
 Monthly21 (30.4)48 (69.6)20 (29.0)49 (71.0)8 (11.6)61 (88.4)
Quantity of milk intake
 Small13 (25.0)39 (75.0)2.079, 0.55612 (23.1)40 (76.9)1.202, 0.7536 (11.5)46 (88.5)1.387, 0.709
 Moderate30 (28.6)75 (71.4)33 (31.4)72 (68.6)13 (12.4)92 (87.6)
 Large14 (38.9)22 (61.1)10 (27.8)26 (72.2)2 (5.6)34 (94.4)
Frequency of meat intake
 Daily34 (30.1)79 (69.9)1.754, 0.62532 (28.3)81 (71.7)1.283, 0.73312 (10.6)101 (89.4)3.538, 0.316
 Weekly20 (31.7)43 (68.3)20 (31.7)43 (68.3)5 (7.9)58 (92.1)
 Monthly5 (23.8)16 (76.2)4 (19.0)17 (81.0)4 (19.0)17 (81.0)
Quantity of meat intake
 Small17 (37.8)28 (62.2)5.735, 0.12513 (28.9)32 (71.1)6.025, 0.0914 (8.9)41 (91.1)3.098, 0.377
 Moderate23 (22.1)81 (77.9)36 (34.6)68 (65.4)9 (8.7)95 (91.3)
 Large17 (37.8)28 (62.2)38 (84.4)38 (84.4)8 (17.8)37 (82.2)
Frequency of legume intake
 Daily8 (20.5)31 (79.5)2.900, 0.40710 (25.6)29 (74.4)4.263, 0.2346 (15.4)33 (84.6)4.426, 0.219
 Weekly32 (32.7)66 (67.3)24 (24.5)74 (75.5)10 (10.2)88 (89.8)
 Monthly19 (31.1)42 (68.9)23 (37.7)38 (62.3)5 (8.2)56 (91.8)
Quantity of legume intake
 Small13 (31.0)29 (69.0)2.323, 0.50813 (31.0)29 (69.0)0.773, 0.8564 (9.5)38 (90.5)0.397, 0.941
 Moderate31 (33.3)62 (66.7)25 (26.9)68 (73.1)11 (11.8)82 (88.2)
 Large13 (22.0)46 (78.0)18 (30.5)41 (69.5)6 (10.2)53 (89.8)
Frequency of grain intake
 Daily37 (28.5)93 (71.5)2.889, 0.40938 (29.2)92 (70.8)1.248, 0.74115 (11.5)115 (88.5)4.196, 0.241
 Weekly21 (35.0)39 (65.0)16 (26.7)44 (73.3)6 (10.0)54 (90.0)
 Monthly1 (12.5)7 (87.5)3 (37.5)5 (62.5)0 (0.0)8 (100.0)
Quantity of grain intake
 Small8 (25.0)24 (75.0)0.495, 0.9208 (25.0)24 (75.0)0.729, 0.8663 (9.4)29 (90.6)3.271, 0.352
 Moderate27 (30.3)62 (69.7)28 (31.5)61 (68.5)7 (7.9)82 (92.1)
 Large22 (31.0)49 (69.0)19 (26.8)52 (73.2)10 (14.1)61 (85.9)
Frequency of fish intake
 Daily41 (29.9)96 (70.1)0.939, 0.81636 (26.3)101 (73.7)2.223, 0.52718 (13.1)119 (86.9)6.280, 0.099
 Weekly16 (30.2)37 (69.8)18 (34.0)35 (66.0)3 (5.7)50 (94.3)
 Monthly2 (25.0)6 (75.0)3 (37.5)5 (62.5)0 (0.0)8 (100.0)
Quantity of fish intake
 Small12 (27.3)32 (72.7)2.519, 0.47216 (36.4)28 (63.6)1.829, 0.6096 (13.6)38 (86.4)
 Moderate38 (32.5)79 (67.5)30 (25.6)87 (74.4)14 (12.0)103 (88.0)3.595, 0.309
 Large9 (25.7)26 (74.3)10 (28.6)25 (71.4)1 (2.9)34 (97.1)

= number of pregnant women; = Pearson’s chi-square value; = significance at <0.05 (2-tailed).