Niosomal-Based Drug Delivery Platforms: A Promising Therapeutic Approach to Fight Staphylococcus aureus Drug Resistance

Table 1

Characteristics and consequences of different antibiotics loaded in niosomal systems.

Antibiotic class	Active compound(s)	Formulation(s) developed	Pathogen(s)	Result(s)	Model of study(s)	References
Macrolide	Azithromycin	Niosomal gel	S. aureus	High antimicrobial activity, enhancing drug skin permeation compared to the conventional gel, excellent viscoelastic, and rheological properties	In vitro, ex vivo	[83]
		Niosome	MRSA	Improving antibacterial action	In vitro	[97]
Rifamycin	Rifamycin S	Niosome, PEGylated niosome	S. aureus	Reduction in MIC value of free drug	In vitro	[98]
Sulfonamide	Sulfadiazine	Niosomal gel	S. aureus	Sustained release profile, increasing in diameter of inhibition zone, accelerated burn wound healing	In vitro, in vivo	[85]
Glycopeptide	Vancomycin	Niosome	S. aureus	Reduction in CFU of biofilm-forming strains, no cytotoxic effects for fibroblast cell	In vitro	[63]
		Niosomal gel	MRSA, MSSA	Increasing antibacterial efficacy of vancomycin, reduction in bacterial CFU in infected eye, prolonged the ocular residence time of drug	In vitro, in vivo	[76]
		PEGylated niosomes	MRSA	High antibacterial and antibiofilm activities, good biocompatible feature, treatment of bacterial skin infection	In vitro, in vivo	[65]
		Niosome	S. aureus, MRSA	Reduction in MIC, MBIC, and MBEC values of free drug	In vitro	[58]
β-lactam	Amoxicillin	Niosome	S. aureus	High antimicrobial activity against MDR strains, reduction in CFU of biofilm-forming bacteria	In vitro	[59]
Fluoroquinolone	Ciprofloxacin	Niosome	S. aureus	High intracellular antimicrobial activities	In vitro	[95]
		Niosome	MRSA, CRSA	Enhancing the antibacterial and antibiofilm potentials compared to free drug	In vitro	[61]
		Chitosan-coated niosomes	S. aureus	Increasing in diameter of zone inhibition, enhancement of drug permeation in corneal	In vitro, ex vivo	[73]
	Ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, norfloxacin	Niosome	S. aureus	Reducing the MIC of fluoroquinolone against drug-resistant strains	In vitro	[99]
	Moxifloxacin	Niosomal chitosan gel	S. aureus	Improving the antibacterial efficacy of drug, rheological, and bioadhesive properties	In vitro	[88]
	Ofloxacin	Niosome	S. aureus	Increasing antibacterial effect, improving ocular bioavailability of drug, no ocular irritancy	In vitro, in vivo	[70]
		Niosomal chitosan gel	S. aureus	Significant antibacterial activity, sustained release pattern, mucoadhesive characteristic	In vitro, in vivo	[74]
	Lomefloxacin	Niosome	S. aureus	Treatment of ocular infection with no signs of irritation or inflammation	In vitro, in vivo	[69]
Cephalosporin	Cefdinir	Niosome	S. aureus	Improving skin permeability, increasing antibacterial activity of drug	In vitro, ex vivo	[100]
	Cefotaxime	Niosome	S. aureus	Enhancing the inhibitory effect of drug	In vitro	[101]
	Cephalexin	Niosome	S. aureus	Prolonged drug release, decreasing in the MIC value of drug	In vitro	[48]
	Cefazolin	Niosome, chitosan-coated niosomes	S. aureus	Accelerating skin regeneration and bacterial infection elimination	In vitro, in vivo	[102]
Tetracycline	Doxycycline	Niosomal gel	S. aureus	Significantly increasing the antibacterial efficacy of free drug, good physical stability, pseudoplastic flow behavior	In vitro	[77]
Aminoglycoside	Streptomycin	Niosome	S. aureus	Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities, negligible cytotoxicity against the human foreskin fibroblasts	In vitro	[103]
	Gentamicin	Niosomal gel, niosomal chitosan gel	S. aureus	Synergistic antibacterial activity with curcumin, suitable gelling, and rheological characteristics	In vitro	[104]
Chloramphenicol	Chloramphenicol	Niosome	S. aureus	Sustained release pattern, treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis, increasing the diameter of inhibition zone	In vitro, in vivo	[105]
Fusidane	Fusidic acid	Niosomal gel	–	Enhancing drug skin permeation, excellent spreadability, and rheological features	In vitro, ex vivo	[86]
Lincosamide	Clindamycin	Niosome	S. aureus	Decreasing in the MIC value of the free drug	In vitro	[106]
Oxazolidinone	Linezolid	Niosomal gel	MRSA	Improving skin permeation, high antibacterial activity, no skin irritation	In vitro, ex vivo	[107]
Carbapenem	Meropenem	Niosome	MRSA, VRSA	Antibiofilm and antibacterial activities, downregulating the biofilm gene expression	In vitro	[108]

MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; PEG, polyethylene glycol; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; CFU, colony-forming unit; MSSA, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus; MBIC, minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration; MBEC, minimum biofilm eradication concentration; MDR, multidrug resistant; CRSA, ciprofloxacin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; VRSA, vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.