Niosomal-Based Drug Delivery Platforms: A Promising Therapeutic Approach to Fight Staphylococcus aureus Drug Resistance

Table 2

Advances in niosome-based formulations for delivery of natural compounds and their efficacy against S. aureus and other pathogens.

Natural compound(s)	Formulation(s) developed	Pathogen(s)	Result(s)	Model of study(s)	References
Ajwain essential oil	PEGylated niosome	Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli	Reduction in MIC value of ajwain essential oil, no toxicity for human fibroblast cells, good cell transfection	In vitro	[129]
Tea tree essential oil	Niosomal gel	S. aureus, Candida albicans	Increased antibacterial properties in comparison with conventional gel, excellent spreadability, and release profile	In vitro	[130]
Myrtle essential oil	Niosome	S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Serratia marcescens, Bacillus subtilis	Enhancing antibacterial activity of free drug	In vitro	[44]
Lippia citriodora essential oil	Niosome	S. aureus, E. coli	Increasing the diameter of the inhibition zone, antioxidant activity	In vitro	[131]
Rosmarinic acid	Niosomal gel	S. aureus, Propionibacterium acnes	Significant antimicrobial activity, reduction in CFU of pathogen in infected skin, no skin irritation	In vitro, in vivo	[132]
Berberine	Niosomal gel	S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, B. subtilis, C. albicans	Increasing antimicrobial activity of free drug, good release profile	In vitro	[43]
Thymol	Niosome embedded collagen/calcium scaffold	S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa	Sustained-drug release from composite scaffolds, improving cell viability against human fibroblasts, high antibacterial potential	In vitro	[133]
Propolis	Niosomal gel	S. aureus, C. albicans	Lower MIC value of niosomal formulation compared to ethanolic solution of propolis, enhancing drug deposition in skin layers	In vitro, ex vivo	[134]
Trans-ferulic acid	Niosome	S. aureus, E. coli, Acinetobacter baumannii	Improving the MBC value of drug, increasing the viability of HFF cell line, antioxidant activity	In vitro	[47]
Glycyrrhiza glabra, Hedera helix extracts	Niosomal temperature and pH stimuli system	S. aureus, E. coli	Enhancing the drug antibacterial potential with reduction in MIC and MBC values, good cell transfection	In vitro, in vivo	[135]
Curcumin	Niosomal gel, niosomal chitosan gel	S. aureus, E. coli	Sustained release profile, suitable gelling and rheological characteristics, the synergistic activity with gentamycin	In vitro	[104]
	Niosomal gel, niosomal chitosan gel	S. aureus, P. aeruginosa	Decreasing the MIC and MBC values of curcumin, the synergistic activity with copper/silver nanoparticles, high antibiofilm potential	In vitro	[136]
Coconut oil	Niosome	S. aureus	High inhibitory effect against MDR strains	In vitro	[137]
Mangosteen extract	Niosome incorporated in alginate/pectin hydrogel	S. aureus, S. epidermidis	Increasing antibacterial activity of free drug, no toxicity for fibroblasts and red blood cells, good physical characteristics	In vitro, in vivo	[45]
Tannic acid	Niosome	S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae	Downregulating the biofilm gene expression, controlled inhibition of bacterial growth	In vitro	[46]

PEG, polyethylene glycol; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; CFU, colony-forming unit; MBC, minimum bactericidal concentration; HFF, human foreskin fibroblast; MDR, multidrug resistant.