Breaking Barriers in Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Plant-Mediated Metal/Metal Oxide/Bimetallic Nanoparticles: Antibacterial, Anticancer, Mechanism Elucidation, and Versatile Utilizations

Table 3

Biological activity of green synthesized BMNPs.

BMNPs forms	Synthesized NPs	Extract (plant/microbe/algae/fungi)	Size (nm)/shape	Tested (pathogens/cancer cells)	Biological activity	References
Zr-based	Zr NFs	Enicostemma littorale plant extract	8−15 nm/tetragonal	A431 cell line	Anticancer activity	[272]
Ag-based	Ag-Au BMNPs	Rhodopseudomonas faecalis extract	31.71–153.7 nm	HT-29 and MCF cancer cells	Anticancer activity	[273]
Ag-based	Ag/CeO2	Morinda tinctoria plant extract	21 nm and 17 nm/spherical shape	E. coli and S. aureus	Antibacterial activity	[274]
Ag-based	Ag-Cr BMNPs	Catharanthus roseus	30–70 nm	S. aureus, E. coli, and E. faecalis and HepG2 cell line	Antibacterial, anticancer activity	[275]
Ag-based	Ag-Cu BMNPs	Salvia officinalis leaf extract	50 nm/spherical	K. pneumonia, E. coli, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis	Antibacterial activity	[276]
Ag-based	Ag-CuO BMNPs	C. sinensis L. peel extract	—	S. aureus, B. subtilis, and K. pneumonia	Antibacterial activity	[277]
Ag-based	Ag-MNPs, Ag-SeO2, and Ag-TiO2-BMNPs	Beta vulgaris L. extract	12.82–21.28 nm, 8.417–18.49 nm, and 12.86–20.09 nm/spherical	E. faecalis, S. aureus, E. coli, and S. enterica and HePG2, MCF-7 cell line	Antibacterial, cytotoxic activity	[278]
Ag-based	Ag-Zn BMNPs	Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa peel extract	—	S. aureus, B. subtilis, and K. pneumonia	Antimicrobial activity	—
Ag-based	Ag-ZnO BMNPs	Pomegranate peel extract	15.8 nm/round	E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, and S. aureus and MCF7, Caco2 cell line	Antibacterial, Anticancer activity	[279]
Ag-based	Ag-doped ZnO alloy BMNPs	Sophora pachycarpa fruit extract	47 nm/hexagonal	Multiple myeloma/blood cancer	Anticancer activity	[280]
Au-based	Au-Ag BMNPs	Panax ginseng Meyer	80.4 ± 11.9 nm/cubic	Human gastric adenocarcinoma cells	Anticancer activity	[281]
Cu-based	Cu-Ag BMNPs	Argyreia nervosa leaf extract	25–100 nm/irregular shapes	E. coli	Antimicrobial activity	[282]
Cu-based	Cu-Mg BMNPs	Pumpkin seeds extract	50 nm/spherical	HT-29 cell line	Anticancer activity	[283]
Cu-based	Cu-Ni BMNPs	Peppermint leaf extract	3–5 nm/egg shaped	E. coli, S. aureus	Antimicrobial activity	—
Pd-based	Pd-Pt BMNPs	Nigella sativa seed extract	5 nm	MDA-MB-231, ISH, HeLa, and L929 cell line	Anticancer activity	[284]
Pt-based	PdCo@AC BMNPs	Cinnamomum verum extract	2.467 nm	E. coli, S. aureus	Antibacterial activity	[285]
Pt-based	Pt-Ag BMNPs	Hibiscus sabdariffa extract	5.431 nm	Hydrogen production	Antimicrobial, catalytic activity	[286]
ZnO-based	ZnO-CuO BMNPs	Artemisia abyssinica extract	14 nm/hexagonal and monoclinic	MCF-7 cell lines	Anticancer antioxidant activity	[287]
ZnO-based	ZnO-SeO BMNPs	Pomegranate peel extract	20 nm/hexagonal shape	E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, S. aureus, C. albicans, A. flavus, A. niger, A. fumigatus, and Hep-G2 cell line	Antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activity	[288]
Se-based	Se-Ag BMNPs	Watermelon rind extract	18.3–49.6 nm/spherical and oval shapes	C. albicans, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. oxytoca, B. subtilis, S. aureus and MCF7 cell line	Antibacterial activity, anticancer activity	[289]
Se-based	Se-Zr BMNPs	Cinnamomum camphora leaf extract	100–170 nm/spherical shape	MCF-7, SK-MEL-3 cancer cell lines	Anticancer activity	[290]
Co-based NPs	Co-Bi2O3 BMNPs	A. sativum L.	10–100 nm/spherical shape	B. subtilis, S. epidermidis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, C. krusei, and HepG2, A549 cancer cells	Antimicrobial, anticancer activity	[174]