Phytosynthesized Nanoparticles as Novel Antifungal Agent for Sustainable Agriculture: A Mechanistic Approach, Current Advances, and Future Directions

Table 2

In vivo plant model: antifungal potential and their mode of action of various phytosynthesized nanoparticles.

Plant name	Extract	Size and shape	NPs	Fungal strain	Mode of action	Plant disease	References
Trachyspermum ammi	Seed	15−20 nm cubic	ZnO	Cercospora canesens	Adsorb with pathogen surface, penetrate and damage the cell membrane and internal organelles	Mung bean (leaf spot)	[85]
Eclipta alba	Leaves	32 nm hexagonal	ZnO	Sclerospora graminicola	Directly NPs inhibit spore germination and indirectly enhance defense system which scavenge free radicals	Pearl millet (downy mildew)	[86]
Terminalia bellerica	Leaves	22 nm hexagonal	ZnO	Alternaria brassicae	Damage cell wall, induce stress in cell, disintegrate macromolecules, and degrade cytoplasmic material	Mustard crop (blight disease)	[87]
Citrus sinensis	Peel	32−47 nm spherical	AgO	Modiolula phaseolina	Restrict respiratory sequence which leads to cell death	Faba bean (charcoal rot)	[88]
Moringa oleifera	Leaves	450 nm crystalline	Ag	A. flavus	Inhibit DNA replication, inactivate of enzymes, degrade cellular proteins which leads ultimately to loss of enzyme expressions, and change the aflatoxins biosynthetic pathways	Rice aflatoxins	[89]
Azadirachta indica	Leaves	22−30 nm spherical	Ag	Alternaria solani	Disturb DNA replication, enzymes proteins denaturation, and inactivate normal cells functions	Tomato (early blight)	[90]
Cassia fistula	Leaves	2−38 nm spherical	CuO	Fusarium oxysporum	Membrane leakage, deformation of macromolecules eventually cell death	Tomato wilting	[69]
Eucalyptus globulus	Leaves	65 nm triangular 45 nm cluster	Cu	Colletotrichum capsici	Arrest and inhibit mycelial growth	Chilli (fruit rot)	[91]
Mentha piperita
Tamarix aphylla	Leaves	50 nm spherical	CuO	Fusarium oxysporum	Inhibit growth by damaging fungal cells and induce plant responses against disease	Musk melon (fusarium wilt)	[92]
Curcuma longa	Rhizome	20−30 nm spherical	CuO	Fusarium oxysporum	Damage and deform the fungal cells membranes	Chickpea wiltting	[93]