Boosting LiMn₂O₄ Diffusion Coefficients and Stability via Fe/Mg Doping and MWCNT Synergistically Modulating Microstructure

Table 1

Average crystallite size determined from 2θ positions.

Peak position 2θ (°)	FWHM-β (°)	D (nm)
18.67	0.143	56.3
36.22	0.216	38.69
44.05	0.283	30.28
64.11	0.377	28.86
Average crystallite size		44

Particle size reduction has a limitation as extremely small particles show negative effect in performance. More critically, independent of the particle size distribution, the existence of coarse particles are found to promote lithium plating, which lowers cell performance and threatens the safety of battery operation. This is the average crystallite size of 44 nm. The particle size contributes to enhancing the electrochemical performance (especially improving rate capability).