New Insights on Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Plants Emphasizing the Use of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

Table 1

Synthesis of different nanoparticles using Medicago sativa L. and other plant extracts.

Nr.	Plants	Plant’s part/simple size	Nanoparticle	Shape	Nanoparticle size (nm)	Precursor solution	Characterization/extraction techniques	Additional catalyst(s) or control variables	Applications of NPs	Reference
1	Medicago sativa L.	The whole plant/undetermined quantity of dry biomass	Au	Multiple shapes	30–60	KAuCl4	SEM, TEM, AFM, HAADF/grinding and sieving for extraction	Temperature, amount of extract, ambient light, pH	—	Montes et al. [41]
2	Medicago sativa L.	Seeds/1 g dry weight	Ag	Spherical, hexagonal	5–51, 86–108	AgNO3	UV-Vis, TEM, SEAD, XRD, AFM, SEM, XPS, GC–MS/centrifugation for extraction	Temperature, amount of extract, ambient light, pH	Antibacterial properties	Lukman et al. [33]
3	Medicago sativa L.	Leaves/undetermined quantity of dry biomass	ZnO	Hexagonal	13.94 ± 1.08	Zn (NO3)2	XRD, TEM, EDX/mixing for extraction	Time, centrifugation parameters, amount of extract, precursor	Antimicrobial activity	Król et al. [42]
4	Medicago sativa L	The whole plant/1 g of grass powder	Ag	Spherical	50–55	AgNO3	UV-Vis, TEM, FTIR, XRD/sonication for extraction	Ethanol, time, ratio of extract, centrifugation parameters, temperature	The effect of Ag NPs on germination, seedling growth	Song et al. [34]
5	Medicago sativa L.	The whole plant/25 g of the powder	Ag	Face-centred cubic (fcc) crystalline	15–35	AgNO3	FTIR, FESEM, EDS, TEM, XRD, UV-Vis, DLS/stirring for extraction	Time, centrifugation parameters, amount of extract, precursor, pH	Cytotoxicity, antifungal, antioxidant, antibacterial, photodegradation potential	Bidaki et al. [36]
6	Impatiens balsamina L., Lantana camara L.	Leaves/10 g dry weight	Ag	—	<24	AgNO3	UV-Vis, TEM/stirring for extraction	Time, amount of extract	Antimicrobial activity	Aritonang et al. [45]
7	Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir.	Bark/15 g of biomass	Au	Multiple shapes	20–200	HAuCl4	TEM, XRD, UV-Vis/grinding for extraction	Time, ratio of extract, Ag precursor concentration, pH	Cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, catalysis	Rodríguez-León et al. [47]
8	Stigmaphyllon ovatum (Cav.) Nied.	Leaves	Ag, Au	Multiple shapes	15–80	AgNO3, HAuCl4	UV-Vis/for extraction	Time, ratio of extract, Ag, Au precursor concentration	Anticancer potential	Elemike et al. [48]
9	Fagonia indica Burm.f.	The whole plant/undetermined quantity of dry biomass	Ag	Spherical	10–60	AgNO3	UV-Vis, SEM, XRD, DLS/stirring for extraction	Time, amount of extract, Ag precursor concentration, pH	Anticancer activity	Ullah et al. [44]
10	Blumea balsamifera L.	Leaves/1.3 kg dry biomass	Cu	Spherical	30–55	CuSO4	UV-Vis, SEM, EDX, SPR, GC-MS/grinding for extraction	Time, amount of extract, Cu concentration	Antioxidant activity	Ginting et al. [35]
11	Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (neem)	Leaves/undetermined quantity of dry biomass	ZnO	Hexagonal	10–70	Zn (CH3COO)2.2H2O	XRD/stirring for extraction	Time, amount of extract	Antibacterial analysis, photocatalytic analysis	Haque et al. [43]
12	Origanum dictamnus L., Salvia officinalis, Elaeagnus rhamnoides L., Calendula officinalis L.	Leaves/undetermined quantity of dry biomass	Ag	Spherical	76.90	AgNO3	DLS, UV-Vis, XRD, XRF, TEM, FTIR/grinding for extraction	Time, ratio of extract, Ag precursor concentration	Antioxidant activity	Siakavella et al. [40]
13	Magnolia champaca L.	Leaves/60 g of biomass	Ag	Spherical	164.6	AgNO3	SEM/grinding for extraction	Time, amount of extract	Active caspase-3 expression	Antony et al. [39]
14	Vaccinium arctostaphylos L.	Fruit/10 g of dried sample	Ag	Spherical	7–16	AgNO3	UV-Vis, SEM, TEM, FTIR, XRD/dehydration for extraction	Time, amount of extract, Ag precursor concentration	Antibacterial analysis	Khodadadi et al. [46]
15	Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze	Black tea/1.5 g of black tea	Ag	Orthorhombic-shaped	1–100	AgNO3	UV-Vis, SEM, XRD/stirring and heating for extraction	Time, amount of extract, Ag precursor concentration, pH	Antimicrobial activity	Mohamed et al. [49]
16	Aloe Vera (L.) Burm.f., Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.	Leaves, gel, nuts/5 g of dried plant	ZnO	Octahedral	280–500; 29–75	Zn (CH3CO2)2	SEM, FTIR, UV-Vis/stirring for extraction	Time, centrifugation parameters, amount of extract	Antimicrobial ability	Dar et al. [50]
17	Azadirachta indica A. Juss.	Leaves/undetermined quantity of dry biomass	Ag	Spherical	3–5	AgNO3	SPR, UV-Vis, XRD, FTIR, TEM/suspension for extraction	Time, amount of extract	Antibacterial and photo catalyst ability	Zanjage et al. [51]
18	Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. (pineapple), Passiflora edulis Sims. (passion fruit)	12 g of fruit peel	Au	Spherical	300–700; <100	HAuCl4	UV-Vis, XRD, FTIR/stirring for extraction	Time, centrifugation parameters, amount of extract	Anticancer activity	Pechyen et al. [52]
19	Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach), Musa acuminata Colla. (banana)	Leaves, peel/20 g of fresh leaves	Fe	Multiple shapes	240–430, 20–50, 10–70	FeCl3	UV-Vis, TEM. FTIR, AFM XRD/stirring and heating for extraction	Time, amount of extract, Ag precursor concentration	Antibacterial potential	Tyagi et al. [37]
20	Galphimia glauca Bartl.	Leaves/20 g of leaves	Ag	Spherical	17–40	AgNO3	UV-Vis, FTIR, AFM, SEM, EDS, HR-TEM, XRD, TGA/heating for extraction	Time, ratio of extract, pH	Antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activity	Chakraborty et al. [53]
21	Pistacia chinensis Bunge.	Seeds/1 kg	Au	Spherical	10–100	HAuCl4	UV, FT-IR, AFM/soaking in methanol for 10 days for extraction	Time, amount of extract	Enzyme inhibitory screening, analgesic activity, sedative activity on mice	Alhumaydhi [54]
22	Malva parviflora L.	Leaves/undetermined quantity of biomass	Ag	Spherical	12–63	AgNO3	AFM, UV-Vis, EDX/macerating for extraction	Time, centrifugation parameters, amount of extract	—	Oraibi et al. [55]
23	Euphorbia serpens Kunth.	The whole plant/25 grams of the powder	Ag	Spherical	30–80	AgNO3	UV-Vis, SEM, TEM, FTIR, XRD, FCC/centrifugation for extraction	Time, amount of extract, Ag precursor concentration	Antibacterial analysis	Ahmad et al. [56]
24	Hibiscus rosasinensis L.	Leaves, flower, bark/2.5 g of biomass	Ag	Spherical	51	AgNO3	SEM, UV-Vis, FTIR/stirring and heating for extraction	Time, amount of extract, Ag precursor concentration	Antimicrobicidal activity	Periasamy et al. [57]
25	Coriandrum sativum L.	Leaves/10 g	ZnO	Rod-shaped, polycrystalline	100	Zn (CH3CO2)2,	XRD, SEM, TEM/dilution with distilled water for extraction	Time, amount of extract, Zn precursor concentration, pH	Antibacterial use as fertilizer	Ukidave et al. [58]
26	Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Mentha arvensis L. (mint), Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander), Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, (lemongrass)	Leaves/25 g	Ag	Multiple shapes	10–22	AgNO3	UV-Vis, (XRD), (TGA), (SEM), (EDX)/heating for extraction	Time, amount of extract, pH	Antibacterial activity	Ahmad et al. [59]
27	Capsicum chinense Jacq.	Leaves/18.04 g, 3.33 g and 24.3 g of fresh chopped stems, roots, and leaves	Au. Ag	Multiple shapes	20–100	HAuCl4, AgNO3	UV-Vis, FTIR-ATR, XPS, UHR-SEM-EDX, TEM/striation for extraction	Time, amount of extract	Antibacterial activity	Lomelí-Rosales et al. [60]
28	Euphorbia neriifolia L.	Stem/undetermined quantity of biomass	Au	Face-centred cubic structure, spherical	22–25	AuCl4	UV-Vis, FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD, SPR/striation for extraction	Time, amount of extract	Antibacterial and antifungal activity	Ul Haq et al. [43]
29	Bunium persicum (Boiss.) Pimenov & Kljuykov	Seeds/undetermined quantity of biomass	Ag	Multiple shapes	35–77	AgNO3	UV-Vis, SEM. FTIR, AFM EDX/striation for extraction	Time, amount of extract, Ag precursor concentration	Antibacterial activity	Khan et al. [61]
30	Apium graveolens L.	Leaves/50 g	Au	Multiple shapes	4–15	HAuCl4	TEM, UV-Vis, SEM-EDX, XRD, FT-IR/Dilution with distilled water for extraction	Time, ratio of extract, centrifugation parameters	Antidiabetic potential	Panchamoorthy et al. [62]
31	Plumeria alba L.	Leaves/20 g	Ag	Spherical	26.43	AgNO3	FTIR, AFM, SEM, TEM, XRD, UV-Vis/dilution with distilled water for extraction	Time, ratio of extract, centrifugation parameters	Physiochemical, pharmacological properties, anticancer and antimicrobial activity	Rudrappa et al. [63]