New Insights on Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Plants Emphasizing the Use of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

Table 2

Synthesis of different nanoparticles using Medicago sativa L. and other plant extracts from callus cultures.

Nr.	Plants	Plant’s part/simple size	Nanoparticle	Shape	Nanoparticle size (nm)	Precursor solution	Characterization/extraction techniques	Additional catalyst(s) or control variables	Applications of NPs	Reference
1	Medicago sativa L.	Callus cultures from seeds/a known mass	Ag	Spherical, disk, irregular	2–50	AgNO3	UV-Vis, TEM, FTIR/fresh callus soaked in nonaerated silver nitrate for extraction	Time, room temperature, no light exposure, Ag precursor concentration, ratio of pH	—	Hegazy et al. [65]
2	Carica papaya L.	Callus cultures (CC) of shoot-tips and leaf-bits/20 g	Ag	Spherical	60–80	AgNO3	FTIR, SEM, XRD/crushing in sterile distilled water for extraction	Time, room temperature, amount of extract, Ag precursor concentration	—	Mude et al. [66]
3	Sesuvium portulacastrum L.	CC of whole plant/20 g	Ag	Spherical	5–20	AgNO3	UV-Vis, TEM, FT-IR/centrifugation for extraction	Time, amount of extract and precursor, centrifugation parameters, temperature	Antimicrobial activity	Nabikhan et al. [67]
4	Arachis hypogaea L.	CC of leaves/20 g	Au	Spherical	31–50	HAuCl4	UV-Vis, XRD, EDS, SAED/centrifugation for extraction	Time, amount of extract and precursor, centrifugation parameters, temperature	—	Raju et al. [68]
5	Justicia jendaracia (Burm.f)	CC of seedlings/25 g	Ag	Spherical	50–65	AgNO3	UV-Vis, SEM/crushing in sterile distilled water for extraction	Time, amount of extract and precursor, centrifugation parameters, temperature	Antibacterial activity	Namasivayam et al. [69]
6	Michelia champaca L.	CC of fresh flowers/25 g	Ag, Au	Multiple shapes	1–200	HAuCl4, AgNO3	UV-Vis/for extraction; TEM, XRD, DLS, ICP-OES, FTIR/crushing in sterile distilled water for extraction	Time, ratio of extract and precursor, centrifugation parameters, temperature	Antimicrobial activity	Indira-Iyer and Panda [70]
7	Linum usitatissimum L.	CC of whole plant/10 g of CC	Ag	Spherical	19–24; 49–54	AgNO3	UV-Vis, FT-IR, XRD TEM, FT-IR/crushing in sterile distilled water for extraction	Time, amount of extract and precursor, centrifugation parameters, temperature	Bactericidal activity	Anjum and Abbasi [38]
8	Taxus yunnanensis Zucc.	CC of whole plant/50 g	Ag	Spherical	6.4–27.2	AgNO3	UV-visible, TEM, XRD, FTIR/crushing in sterile, boiled distilled water for extraction	Time, amount of extract and precursor, centrifugation parameters, temperature, pH	Antibacterial activity, anticancer activity	Xia et al. [71]
9	Couroupita guianensis Aubl.	CC of leaves/10 g	Ag	Spherical	30.38–88.32	AgNO3	UV-visible, SEM, AFM, FTIR/crushing in sterile, boiled distilled water for extraction	Time, amount of extract and precursor, centrifugation parameters, temperature, pH	Antimicrobial potential	Kumar et al. [72]
10	Viola canescens Wall.	CC of leaves, petiole/12 g	ZnO	Hexagonal	0.9	Zn (NO3)2	UV-visible, XRD, FTIR, SEM/heating for extraction	Time, amount of extract and precursor, centrifugation parameters, temperature	Antibacterial activity	Khajuria et al. [73]
11	Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Kuntze	CC of whole plant/20 g	Ag	Spherical	12–25	AgNO3	UV-visible, EDS, SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR/heating for extraction	Time, amount of extract and precursor, centrifugation parameters, temperature	Anticancer activity	Botcha and Prattipati [74]
12	Cinnamomum camphora Nees.	CC of plantlets/1 g	Ag	Spherical	5.47–9.48	AgNO3	UV-Vis, TEM, SEM-EDX, DLS, FT-IR, XRD/incubation under different types of light for extraction	Time, amount of extract and precursor, centrifugation parameters, temperature, pH	Antibacterial activities	Aref and Salem [64]
13	Lithospermum erythrorhizon Siebold, Zucc.	CC of whole plant/0.1 g of dry simple	Ag, Au	Spherical	20–50	AgNO3, HAuCl4	UV-Vis, XRD, TEM, EDX/boiled water for extraction	Time, amount of extract and precursor, centrifugation parameters, temperature	Anticancer activity	Shkryl et al. (2021) [75]
14	Alhagi maurorum Medik.	CC of seeds/a known mass	Ag	Spherical	16–30	AgNO3	UV–VIS, FTIR, XRD, TEM/stirring for extraction	Time, amount of extract and precursor, temperature	Antimicrobial activity	Sehrawat et al. [76]
15	Solanum incanum L.	CC of leaves and petioles/a known mass	Ag	Spherical, crystallographic	15–60	AgNO3	UV-Vis, FT-IR, XRD TEM, FT-IR/heating for extraction	Time, amount of extract and precursor, centrifugation parameters, temperature	Antimicrobial, cytotoxic efficacy	Lashin et al. [77]
16	Bunium persicum (Boiss.) Pimenov & Kljuykov	CC of seeds/20 g	Ag	Spherical	35–77	AgNO3	UV-visible, SEM, XRD, FTIR, EDX, TGA/heating for extraction	Time, amount of extract and precursor, centrifugation parameters, temperature, pH	Antibacterial activity	Khan et al. [61]
17	Randia aculeata L	CC of leaves/a known mass	Ag	Spherical	10–40	AgNO3	UV-VIS, DLS, TEM, FTIR/heating for extraction	Time, amount of extract and precursor, centrifugation parameters, temperature, pH	Antibacterial, antiproliferative activity	Bernabé-Antonio [78]