Review Article
Gallbladder Cancer in the 21st Century
Table 4
TNM staging.
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Primary Tumour (T): Tis Carcinoma in situ; T1 Tumour invades lamina propria (a) or muscular layer (b); T2 Tumour invades perimuscular connective tissue; T3 Tumour perforates serosa and/or invades liver and/or other adjacent organs (stomach, duodenum, colon, pancreas, and extrahepatic bile ducts); T4 Tumour invades main porta vein or hepatic artery or multiple extrahepatic organs. Regional Lymph Nodes (N): N0 No regional lymph node metastasis; N1 Metastases to nodes along cystic duct, common bile duct, hepatic artery, and/or portal vein; N2 Metastases to periaortic, pericaval, superior mesenteric artery, and/or celiac artery nodes. Distant Metastasis (M): M0 No distant metastasis; M1 Distant metastasis. |