Two-Year Follow-Up of Clinical Efficacy of Femtosecond Laser, Modified Capsular Tension Ring, and Iris Hook-Assisted Surgical Treatment of Lens Subluxation in Patients with Elevated Intraocular Pressure

Wang, Chao; Rui, Yuhua; Zhou, Yi; Hu, Tu; Xia, Xiaobo; Jiang, Jian

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4810103

Journal of Ophthalmology

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

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Optical Quality of Intraocular Lenses (IOLs)

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 4810103 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4810103

Two-Year Follow-Up of Clinical Efficacy of Femtosecond Laser, Modified Capsular Tension Ring, and Iris Hook-Assisted Surgical Treatment of Lens Subluxation in Patients with Elevated Intraocular Pressure

Chao Wang,^1,2,3Yuhua Rui,^1,2,3Yi Zhou,^1,2,3Tu Hu,^1,2,3Xiaobo Xia,^1,2,3and Jian Jiang^1,2,3

Academic Editor: Alessandro Meduri

Received20 Jan 2022

Accepted19 Apr 2022

Published09 May 2022

Abstract

Purpose. To evaluate the outcomes of femtosecond laser, modified capsular tension ring, and iris hook-assisted surgical treatment of lens subluxation in patients with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Methods. Fifteen patients with lens subluxation and elevated IOP were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent femtosecond-laser-assisted cataract surgery/phacoemulsification/intraocular lens implantation/modified capsular tension ring (MCTR) implantation with iris hook assistance. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), IOP, number of glaucoma medication complications, endothelial cell density (ECD), and tilt of the lens were recorded before and after surgery. All patients were observed for 24 months postoperatively. Results. UCVA and BCVA increased significantly at 1 month, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months, compared with preoperative UCVA and BCVA (). IOP significantly decreased at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months, compared with preoperative IOP (). 3 patients received glaucoma medications to control IOP after surgery. All medications were discontinued at 3 months postoperatively. Conjunctival redness or hemorrhage was observed in 11 patients (73.3%); transient corneal edema was observed in 3 patients (20.0%); and posterior capsule opacification occurred in 1 patient (6.67%). The ECD and tilt of the lens are within an acceptable range. Conclusion. The combined use of a femtosecond laser, MCTR, and iris hooks is an effective and safe method for treating patients with lens subluxation and elevated IOP.

1. Introduction

Lens subluxation is a type of ectopia lentis that presents as a partial dislocation of the lens. It is a common eye disease that could be congenital or acquired. Congenital diseases such as Marfan syndrome are considered to cause altered fibrillin microfibrils which will lead to abnormalities of zonular fibers and lens capsule [1]. Congenital aniridia is a rare bilateral pan ocular disorder and is associated with lens subluxation [2]. The acquired lens subluxation can be traumatic and spontaneous. Blunt trauma is the most common cause. Spontaneous lens subluxation secondary to other ocular diseases such as glaucoma, high myopia, retinal detachment, and pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Postcataract surgery lens subluxation is also a common issue for clinical management. Occult lens subluxation could also be secondary to laser peripheral iridotomy [3]. The major changes in lens subluxation of different causes are typical: partial tearing or loosening of zonular ligaments and dislocation of the lens. Lens subluxation can cause impaired vision and even lead to dangerous complications if left unt\]reated. The dislocated lens becomes spherical because of its own elasticity, thereby increasing its anteroposterior diameter which will lead to pupillary block, shallow anterior chamber, and anterior chamber angle closure. Acquired lens subluxation can also be accompanied by vitreous prolapse. Therefore, elevated IOP is common and critical in patients with lens subluxation [4, 5]. Clinical treatments for lens subluxation are complex. Patients who received inappropriate or delayed treatments may exhibit uncontrollable elevated IOP and require additional surgeries. With the advent of extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lenses (IOLs), intracapsular cataract extraction was replaced during lens subluxation treatment [6]. Practical surgical considerations should include the removal of the lens and its capsule as well as the preservation of IOL stability. The challenges of lens subluxation treatment mainly involve difficulty with continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC), as well as poor lens stability, vitreous prolapse, and serious complications [7].

Recent advances in surgical techniques allow for combined application of femtosecond-laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS)/phacoemulsification (PE)/IOL implantation/modified capsular tension ring (MCTR) implantation surgery with iris hook assistance that greatly improved the surgical safety and outcomes of lens subluxation. The application of femtosecond laser technology leads to less damage, facilitates CCC, improves accuracy, and aids in achieving good visual quality [8, 9]. Iris hooks greatly improve the stability of the capsular bag, which aids in PE and IOL implantation [10]. MCTR implantation improves the stability of the capsular bag [11]. By combining these three techniques, the operation is safe and IOP can be controlled in an optimal manner. In this retrospective study, we evaluated the outcomes of the combined application of these three techniques in treating patients with lens subluxation and elevated IOP and provided guidance for future clinical management.

2. Materials and Methods

This comparative, retrospective, cohort study included patients with lens subluxation and elevated IOP from November 2018 to May 2021. Informed consent was obtained from all patients recruited prior to the study. Patient-specific surgical procedures were determined by the treating physicians and were performed according to the standard-of-care of our hospital. Deidentified medical records were screened and extracted between 12^th May 2021 and 16^th May 2021. This study was approved by the clinical medical ethics committee of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, and adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.

All 15 patients recruited had elevated IOP; 10 of them had traumatic lens subluxation and 5 of them had idiopathic lens subluxation. Detailed demographic information is provided in Table 1. All patients underwent FLACS/PE/IOL implantation/MCTR implantation surgery with iris hook assistance. 6 patients exhibited vitreous prolapse in the anterior chamber, which required anterior vitrectomy. An astigmatic keratotomy was performed in 1 patient to correct astigmatism. All surgeries were performed by a single skilled surgeon (JJ). Patient characteristics were recorded as follows: UCVA BCVA, IOP before the surgery and 1 day, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months after surgery; use of antiglaucoma treatment before and after surgery; postoperative complications, ECD, and tilt of the lens; type of capsular tension device used and type of IOL implanted.

2.1. Surgical Technique

Anterior angle, degree of lens subluxation, and pupil status were evaluated carefully before the surgery. Topical levofloxacin (Cravit; Santen, Japan) was applied to the eye scheduled for surgery, four times a day for 3 days before surgery. Tropicamide phenylephrine (Cravit; Santen, Japan) was used to dilate pupils 30 minutes before surgery. The patient’s head position was fixed and ocular surface was anaesthetised with oxybuprocaine hydrochloride eye drops (Cravit; Santen, Japan). FLACS was performed using the Victus platform (Bausch + Lomb, Rochester, NY, USA) with conventional femtosecond laser settings. Femtosecond laser-assisted astigmatic keratotomy was performed in 1 patient to correct astigmatism. For FLACS, a 5.0 mm-diameter capsulotomy with pupil centration was performed, following a concentric cylinder and a chop (sextants cut) pattern for lens fragmentation. A 2.8 mm transparent corneal incision and a corneal side incision were created with a disposable keratome. The anterior capsule was then removed, and Viscoelastic (Bausch + Lomb, Rochester, NY, USA) was injected into the anterior chamber. A 15° knife was used to make five limbal incisions at intervals of approximately 75°. Five iris hooks were attached to the edge of the capsule through the incisions, which allowed fixation and centering of the lens. Patients who exhibited intraoperative vitreous prolapse in the anterior chamber underwent anterior vitrectomy.

For the PE procedure, we used Stellaris PC (vitreous cutter; Bausch + Lomb, Rochester, NY, USA) and Centurion® Vision System (Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX, USA) for all patients and kept system settings consistent. Sufficient hydrodissection and hydrodelineation were carefully performed to reduce the pressure on zonular ligaments during the PE process. Without rotation of the nucleus, the cortex was separated along femtosecond cleavage planes and aspirated with the PE probe. A chopper was applied to resist influences caused by negative pressure on the capsular bag. Low flow, low perfusion pressure, low negative pressure, and low ultrasonic energy were kept during PE (Figure 1).

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(b)

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Polymethylmethacrylate MCTR (Morcher GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany) was implanted in the capsular bag, fixation hooks were attached to a 9–0 polypropylene suture (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ, USA) and knotted in the prescleral tunnel 2.0 mm behind the limbus (Figure 2). The IOL (Tecnis ZCB00 or Rayner920) was implanted in the capsular bag using a syringe, iris hooks were then removed, and the anterior chamber viscoelastic agent was aspirated. Hydration was then performed to seal the clear corneal incisions.

(a)

(b)

(c)

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2.2. Postoperative Protocol

The following topical medication regimen was prescribed: levofloxacin eye drops and prednisolone acetate (Allergan, Irvine, CA, USA) eye drops, 4 times/day for 2 weeks; pranoprofen eye drops (Senju Pharmaceutical Ltd., Osaka, Japan), 4 times/day for 1 month. 2 patients were prescribed with Timolol (Wujing, Wuhan, China) for IOP control, 2 times/day for 3 months. Postoperative examinations and data collection were performed as mentioned in previous section.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

All data were analysed using PASW 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results are reported as the mean ± standard deviation. Paired t-test was used for repeat testing of UCVA, BCVA, IOP, and ECD in each patient. Differences were considered to be statistically significant when .

3. Results

15 patients (15 eyes) with lens subluxation were recruited in this study. 10 patients exhibited traumatic lens subluxation and 5 patients exhibited idiopathic lens subluxation. All patients had elevated IOP. Detailed patient information is shown in Table 1. There were 10 male and 5 female, with an average age of 52.40 years (median: 53 years; range: 38–65 years). All patients were followed up for 24 months with one exception case that was lost to follow-up at 6 months. All patients underwent FLACS/PE/IOL implantation/MCTR implantation surgery. 6 of them underwent additional anterior vitrectomy due to vitreous prolapse in the anterior chamber (Table 1).

UCVA increased significantly at 1 month (0.22 ± 0.14, ), 3 months (0.18 ± 0.11, ), 6 months (0.16 ± 0.12, ), 12 months (0.16 ± 0.11, ), and 24 months (0.14 ± 0.10, ) postoperatively, compared with their preoperative UCVA (1.06 ± 0.54). BCVA increased significantly at 1 month (0.10 ± 0.08, ), 3 months (0.09 ± 0.09, ), 6 months (0.06 ± 0.10, ), 12 months (0.05 ± 0.10, ), and 24 months (0.04 ± 0.09, ) postoperatively, compared with preoperative BCVA (0.77 ± 0.54) (Table 2 and Figure 3).

IOP significantly decreased at 1 month (18.87 ± 4.03 mm·Hg, ), 3 months (17.53 ± 3.09 mm·Hg, ), 6 months (16.71 ± 2.70 mm·Hg, ), 12 months (16.87 ± 2.75 mm·Hg, ), and 24 months (17.33 ± 1.84 mm·Hg, ) postoperatively, compared with preoperative IOP (30.13 ± 5.15 mm·Hg). 3 patients required postoperative glaucoma medications to control IOP and all medications were discontinued at 3 months after surgery. All patients required glaucoma medications to maintain IOP in the normal range before surgery. Combined application of timolol and brimonidine tartrate eye drops (Allergan) was prescribed for treating patients with IOP >30 mm·Hg, while timolol was used alone for IOP within 21–30 mm·Hg. Three patients required postoperative use of timolol to control IOP. At 3 months postoperatively, all patients exhibited optimal IOP control without any glaucoma medications (Table 3 and Figure 3).

Conjunctival redness or hemorrhage was observed in 11 patients (73.3%). Transient corneal edema was observed in 3 patients (20.0%) and posterior capsule opacification occurred in 1 patient (6.67%). Descemet’s membrane detachment, lens material in vitreous, posterior capsule rupture, and iris damage were not observed in all 15 patients (Table 4).

Decreased ECD was observed in all 15 patients at 24 months (2182.67 ± 138.84) after surgery compared with preoperative ECD (2294.40 ± 142.84, ) but the differences were within the normal range. Visual quality was assessed using OPD Scan III (Nidek Inc., Tokyo, Japan) at 24 months after surgery. The tilt of the lens (<1) is within an acceptable range, and there is no effect on vision acuity (Table 5 and Table 2).

Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) prior to the surgery revealed subluxated lens and vitreous entering the anterior chamber whereas after the surgery, the IOL and MCTR were in correct positions (Figure 4).

Figure 4

(a) Before surgery, the subluxated lens (red arrow) and vitreous entering the anterior chamber (blue arrow) were detected by ultrasound biomicroscopy. (b) After surgery, the IOL and MCTR were located in the correct positions. Fixation hooks of MCTR (green arrows), haptics of IOL, and MCTR were also observed (yellow arrows). (c) After surgery, extended depth of focus IOL and fixation hooks of MCTR (green arrows) were observed in a slit-lamp examination. (d) Ultrasound biomicroscopy showed the extended depth of focus IOL in the correct position.

4. Discussion

A subluxated lens deviates from the visual axis, such that affected patients may exhibit astigmatism or monocular diplopia. During mydriatic examination, the equatorial portion of the lens and iris tremor is visible in the pupil area. In patients with lens subluxation, dislocation of the lens will lead to iris pushing forward, and frequently cause a shallow anterior chamber and elevated IOP. Vitreous prolapse and trabecular meshwork injury caused by trauma can also contribute to IOP elevation. Surgical treatment of lens subluxation is often considered difficult and has been considered as a contraindication for PE surgery. In the past, lens subluxation was treated by intracapsular cataract extraction, extracapsular cataract extraction with IOL suspension, or anterior chamber IOL implantation. These surgical methods, though proved to be effective, can be complicated in procedures. Along with prolonged operative times and large incisions, these methods may cause many complications, such as corneal endothelial decompensation and secondary glaucoma [6, 12, 13]. Notably, PE disturbs intraocular tissue, thereby enhancing the extent of lens dislocation and lens ligament damage. Due to a lack of adequate support, IOLs implanted are often eccentric, dislocated, or trapped by the pupil. These factors can also potentially reduce the safety of the surgical procedures.

The development of microsurgical techniques and equipment has improved our understanding of lens subluxation treatment. The combined application of FLACS, MCTR, and iris hook methods has been shown to greatly improve the safety and postoperative outcomes of lens subluxation treatment [14, 15]. The use of a preserved capsular bag can minimise disturbance to the vitreous body, while creating good conditions for IOL implantation. Furthermore, this technique can reduce the occurrence of complications such as retinal detachment and secondary glaucoma [16].

Regarding CCC, femtosecond laser-assisted in situ anterior lens capsule incision has several advantages including more accurate capsulotomy with a well-centered and an approximate ring shape. The process is also repeatable and predictable [17–19]. For patients with lens subluxation, femtosecond laser-assisted in situ anterior lens capsulotomy and laser cleavage can minimise surgical damage to the lens ligament. With this method, the lens capsular bag can be successfully protected in 90% of the eyes [8, 9, 20]. However, femtosecond laser treatment is not recommended for eyes with a large dislocation range and a capsulotomy area blocked by the iris. Our results indicate that the anterior vitreous has less influence on CCC, as shown in a prior study [21]. Notably, the IOP could be elevated due to the docking procedure during the femtosecond laser process and presumably returns to the normal range within a short period of time [22].

Maintenance of capsular bag stability is an important consideration throughout the surgical process. Stability of the capsular bag and good surgical field of view are critical for reducing surgical complications [23–25]. Iris hooks can restore the subluxated lens to its normal physiological position, fully dilate the capsular bag, prevent further damage to the lens ligament and capsular bag, reduce disturbance to the vitreous, avoid vitreous prolapse, and reduce intraoperative and postoperative complications. Iris hooks also provide a good surgical viewing field and stable operative space for PE, MCTR implantation, and IOL implantation. Moreover, incisions from iris hooks have minimal effects on corneal astigmatism.

Sufficient hydrodissection and hydrodelineation during PE are essential procedures for reducing the pressure on zonular ligaments. For maintaining capsular stability, nucleus rotation is not recommended. Appropriate managements include using low negative pressure and low aspiration power and lowering the height of the bottle appropriately.

Implementation of a capsular tension ring (CTR) is an effective solution to the problems involved in lens subluxation mentioned above. CTRs compensate for weak ligaments in multiple manners. For weak or broken focal ligaments, CTRs can redistribute mechanical force to the ligaments, thereby stretching the equatorial portion of the capsular bag outward. CTRs can also resist postoperative contraction of the capsular bag, reduce the incidence of posterior capsular opacification, and enhance the stability of IOLs [26–28]. Regarding the timing of CTR implantation, CTR implantation earlier than PE can significantly enhance the capsular torque, such that displacement can reach 4.0 mm. We chose to implant MCTR after PE to minimise ligament stress and damage. The intrascleral fixation of MCTR simplifies the surgical procedure and avoids the fraction between the knot and conjunctiva. This technique was also applied in fixation of IOL and achieved ideal outcomes [29]. Compared with traditional CTR implantation, MCTR implantation can avoid IOL displacement caused by progressive abnormal lens ligament and resist CTR displacement resulting from capsular fibrosis and shrinkage.

Successful CCC and good capsular bag fixation provide a good foundation for IOL implantation. Selection of the appropriate IOL is of considerable importance for avoiding long-term complications. Notable long-term postoperative complications include off-centre movement, tilting, or displacement of the IOL; common causes of these complications are asymmetric contraction of the capsular bag, as well as progressive tearing or loosening of the zonular ligaments. Based on the above considerations, mono focal aspherical IOLs were used in 7 eyes (87.5%) in this study, while the extended depth of focus IOL was used in 1 eye (12.5%). During follow-up, no obvious capsular bag contraction or IOL rotation were observed; postoperative vision recovery was stable. In recent years, many studies have confirmed that FLACS combined with CTR implantation can be used to implant many high-tech IOLs, such as toric IOLs and even trifocal IOLs [26, 28]. We chose the extended depth of focus IOL for 1 patient, and the satisfied outcome supports our use of high-tech IOLs to help patients achieve better visual outcomes in the future.

5. Conclusions

Our findings indicate that combined FLACS/PE/IOL implantation/MCTR implantation surgery with iris hook assistance provides simpler procedures, a more stable process, and better visual quality. This surgical technique is an effective and safe method for treating patients with lens subluxation and elevated IOP to improve UCVA and achieve optimal IOP control.

Data Availability

The data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Ryan Chastain-Gross, Ph.D. from Liwen Bianji, Edanz Group China (http://www.liwenbianji.cn/ac) for editing the English text of a draft of this manuscript. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers: 81974130 and 8210041510), Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (grant numbers: 2020JJ4882 and 2021JJ41021) and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2021M693556).

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Copyright © 2022 Chao Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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