Decentralized Autonomous Hybrid Renewable Power Generation

Table 4

Storage technology capital cost, advantages, disadvantages, and applications [172, 173].

Technology	Capital cost			Advantages	Disadvantages	Application
	/kW	/kWh	kWh/cycle			Energy	Power
PSA	600–2000	5–200	0.1–2	High capacity, low cost	Special site requirement	Fully capable and reasonable	Not feasible or economical
MA	2800–5000	500–950	90–100	Very high energy density	Electric charging is difficult	Fully capable and reasonable	Not feasible or economical
FB	400–2900	110–2000	6–90	High capacity, independent power and energy ratings	Low energy density	Fully capable and reasonable	Reasonable for this application
NaS	1000–3000	300–950	8–50	High power and energy densities, high efficiency	High production costs and safety concerns	Fully capable and reasonable	Fully capable and reasonable
LA	300–900	200–1500	20–100	Low capital cost	Limited cycle life when deeply discharged	Feasible but not quite practical or economical	Fully capable and reasonable
NiCd	500–1500	800–3000	20–100	High power and energy densities, high efficiency	High production cost requires special charging circuit	Reasonable for this application	Fully capable and reasonable
LI	1200–4000	600–5000	15–100	High power and energy densities, high efficiency	High production cost requires special charging circuit	Feasible but not quite practical or economical	Fully capable and reasonable
FES	250–800	1000–7000	3–40	High power	Low energy density	Feasible but not quite practical or economical	Fully capable and reasonable
FC	10000+		6000–20000	High efficiency, fuel flexibility,and solid electrolyte reduce corrosion and management problems, quick start-up	High temperature enhances corrosion and breakdown of cell components	Fully capable and reasonable	Fully capable and reasonable
ZnBr	700–2500	150–1000	5–80	High capacity, independent power and energy ratings	Low energy density	Fully capable and reasonable	Reasonable for this application
AVR	600–1500	150–1000	5–80	High capacity, independent power and energy ratings	Low energy density	Fully capable and reasonable	Reasonable for this application
SC	100–700	100–2000	2–40	Long cycle life, high efficiency	Low energy density	Reasonable for this application	Fully capable and reasonable
SMES	200–300	1000–850000	350–489	Useful for power regulation on smaller, highly critical equipment such as computer systems	Very short timescales (<10 s), not for bulk power storage	Reasonable for this application	Fully capable and reasonable
CAS	400–1000	2–110	2–6	High capacity, low cost	Special site requirement needs gas fuel	Fully capable and reasonable	Not feasible or economical