Vibrational Biospectroscopy in the Clinical Setting: Exploring the Impact of New Advances in the Field of Immunology

Table 1

Summary of main applications of vibrational spectroscopy in the field of clinical and laboratory immunology.

Clinical application	Vibrational spectroscopy method	Sample type	Key findings	References
DBCL and CLL	Raman	Whole blood	Raman shift of 1445 cm^−1 was increased in DBCL and 1655 cm^−1 downregulated in CLL. Sensitivity of 92.86%	[46]
PML, BMC and CML cell lines	SERS	Cell lines	Both the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity was 98.3% for differentiating leukemia cells compared to normal cells	[47]
Breast cancer	FTIR	Serum	Differentiating controls and breast cancer patients with a sensitivity and specificity greater than 95%	[48]
Prostate cancer	SERS	Serum	High intensity peaks of 637 cm^−1, 808 cm^−1, and 1,655 cm^−1 with a sensitivity of 95.0% and specificity of 93.8% in patients with cancer	[49]
Prostate cancer and BPH	NIRS	Tissue	Spectral ranges of 1055−1065 cm^−1 and 1450–1460 cm^−1 were found to be higher intensity peaks in prostate cancer patients compared to BPH	[50]
RA	FTIR	Serum	Distinguished between RA patients and controls with a specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 85%	[15]
RA	Raman	Serum	Quantitative levels of IgG, IgA and IgM significantly correlated with the Raman spectra, particularly in the region of 500−550 cm^−1	[51]
ANCA-associated vasculitis	Raman	Plasma and serum	Spectral bands 1015 cm^−1 and 1678 cm^−1 were higher in plasma of active disease patients (sensitivity 70% and specificity 93.3%); Peak of 1659 cm^−1 higher in serum of active disease (sensitivity and specificity of 80%)	[21]
SLE	Raman	Serum	Differentiated SLE patients from controls with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 99%	[52]
MS	FTIR	CSF	Unique wavenumber of 795 cm^−1 was identified in patients with MS compared to controls with a sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 92%	[18]
SjS	SERS	Saliva and serum	Peaks at wavenumbers of 1130 cm^−1 and 1368 cm^−1 were found to be higher in patients SjS with sensitivity of 96.5% and specificity of 90.5% (salivary samples) and sensitivity of 96.5% and specificity of 100% (serum samples)	[14]
CVID	FTIR	Serum and plasma	Differentiated CVID patients from healthy controls with sensitivities and specificities of 97% and 93%, respectively for serum, and 94% and 95%, respectively for plasma	[53]

DBCL–diffuse B cell lymphoma; CLL–chronic lymphocytic leukemia; BMC–bone marrow mononuclear cells; CML–chronic myelogenous leukemia; PML–promyelocytic leukemia; BPH–benign prostate hyperplasia; RA–rheumatoid arthritis; AAV–ANCA-associated vasculitis; SLE–systemic lupus erythematosus; MS–multiple sclerosis; SjS–sjogren’s syndrome; CVID–common variable immune deficiency.