Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Congenital Toxoplasmosis Diagnosis: Advances and Challenges

Table 2

Diagnosis methods in amniotic fluid samples.

Diagnosis methods in amniotic fluid samples
Time of sample collection				Target	Assay employed for diagnosis		Ref.
Gestational weeks			At birth	Parasite and/or DNA	PCR	Bioassay
1 to 13	14 to 26	27 to 41				Mouse inoculation
—	After 18 GW		—	Yes	B1 gene	(dnr)	[5]
[dnr]			—	Yes	B1 gene (nested-PCR)	Follow-up of mice serology and tissue cyst analysis	[7]
—	18–22	—	—	Yes	B1 gene	(dnr)	[14]
[dnr]			Yes	Yes	529-bp and B1 genes (real-time PCR)	(dnr)	[18]
—	22–33		—	Yes	[dnr]	Swiss Webster	[64]
—	18–39		Yes	Yes	B1 gene and RE sequence (conventional PCR-ELISA and real-time PCR)	(dnr)	[66]
[dnr]			—	Yes	B1 gene	(dnr)	[67]
—	After16 GW		—	Yes	[dnr]	(dnr)	[17]
—	15–34		—	Yes	B1 gene (conventional, fluorescent, and real-time qPCR with SYBR green or with fluorescence energy transfer hybridization probe)	—	[8]
—	14–25	—	—	Yes	AF146527 and B1 genes	—	[9]
[dnr]			—	Yes	Rep529 gene (commercial nested-PCR, conventional PCR, and real-time PCR)	—	[10]
—	16–25	—	—	Yes	B1 gene (conventional PCR, nested-PCR, multiplex-nested-PCR, and real-time PCR)	—	[11]
[dnr]			—	Yes	RE sequence and B1 and P30 genes (qPCR). SNPs within B1 gene for T. gondii DNA genotyping	—	[12]
—	From 18		Yes	Yes	529-bp gene (real-time PCR)	—	[20]
—	18–41		—	Yes	B1 gene (conventional PCR)	—	[13]
—	16–25	—	—	Yes	B1 gene (conventional PCR and qPCR)	—	[22]
—	17–28		Yes	Yes	B1, cdk, BSR4, and SAG5E genes (nested- PCR)	—	[15]
[dnr]			—	Yes	TGR1E gene (conventional PCR)	—	[16]
—	16–28		Yes	Yes	B1, cdk, SAG5E, and BSR4 genes (multiplex-nested-PCR)	—	[19]
—	14–16	—	—	Yes	B1 gene (nested-PCR), P30 gene (conventional PCR-ELISA)	—	[21]
[dnr]			—	Yes	B1 and 529pb genes (real-time PCR)	—	[23]
[dnr]			—	Yes	B1 gene	—	[65]
[dnr]			—	Yes	REP529 and B1 genes (qPCR)	—	[68]
[dnr]			—	Yes	B1 gene (duplex real-time quantitative light-cycler PCR)	—	[6]

dnr: details not reported; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GW: gestational weeks, CT: congenital toxoplasmosis; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; qPCR: quantitative PCR; SNPs: single nucleotide polymorphism; SSP: sequence-specific primers’ amplifications.