|
| HCV proteins | Effect on HIV replication |
|
| NS3/NS4A | It interacts with HIV-1 Vpu promoting HIV transcription. Vpu facilitates degradation of NS3/4A and nuclear transfer of NS3 which can activate HIV-1 transcription [36]. |
| Core | It restricts HIV-1 transcription and modulates viral replication in a hepatoma cell line through a repression before accumulation of threshold levels of Tat protein [63]. |
| It downregulates HIV LTR activity, in presence of high TNF-α level [3]. |
| It activates the TRAF pathway interacting with HIV-1 Nef, activating the NF-κB pathway via TRAF2, TRAF5, and TRAF6 pathways, and enhancing HIV-1 replication in macrophages [64]. |
| It induces HIV-1 reactivation in U1 cells through TNF-α and IL-6 [12]. |
|
| HIV proteins | Effect on HCV replication |
|
| gp120 | It enhances HCV replication in a CXCR4 or CCR5 engagement-dependent manner [9–11, 31, 34–36, 38–40, 65]. |
| Rev | It increases gene expression of HCV by binding to the first internal loop (IIIb) of 5′-Untranslated Region and sites IRES of HCV RNA [42]. |
| Tat | It activates HCV replication by upregulating IP-10 [47]. |
| Nef | It exerts stimulatory effects on HCV replication, modifying the size and numbers of lipid droplets, increasing ROS, and, possibly, accelerating progression of liver disease [51–53]. |
| Vpr | It enhances activity of 5′-Untranslated Region of HCV through stimulation of TATA box in the miR-122 promoter, upregulating miR-122 expression [55, 59, 60]. |
|
