Levo-Tetrahydropalmatine Attenuates Bone Cancer Pain by Inhibiting Microglial Cells Activation

Figure 3

Effects of L-THP administration on the increased levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18 in spinal cord after TCI treatment. (a) Time course of changes in TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18 in spinal cord after TCI treatment. (b and c) Repetitive administration of L-THP suppressed TCI-induced increased levels of TNF-α and IL-18. (d) Repetitive administration of L-THP showed no effect on TCI-induced increased levels of IL-1β. L-THP (60 mg/kg) was administrated on postoperative days 3, 4, and 5 (early phase) or postoperative days 7, 8, and 9 (late phase) after TCI. Tissues were collected one day after the last administration, that is, day 6 for the early phase treatment and day 10 for the late phase treatment. Eight samples were included in each group. and indicate significant differences compared with naïve group (a) or sham + vehicle group (b–d). indicates significant differences compared with relevant TCI + vehicle group.

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