Abstract
Introduction. Conservative therapy, including appropriate antibiotics and bracing, is usually adequate for most patients with pyogenic spondylodiscitis. If conservative treatment fails, surgical intervention is needed. However, major spinal surgery comprising anterior debridement and accompanying bone grafting with or without additional instrumentation is often related to undesired postoperative complications. In recent years, with minimally invasive surgery, the diagnostic and therapeutic value of endoscopic lavage and drainage has been proven. This study reports a case series of patients who required open revision surgery after treatment with endoscopic surgery using the full endoscopic discectomy system (FED), indicating the surgical limitations of endoscopic surgery for pyogenic spondylodiscitis. Methods. We retrospectively investigated the medical records of 4 patients who underwent open debridement and anterior reconstruction with posterior instrumentation following endoscopic surgery for their advanced lumbar infectious spondylitis. They had been receiving conservative treatment with antibiotics for 12–15 days. They also had various comorbidities, including kidney disease, heart failure, and diabetes. Numerical rating scale pain response, perioperative imaging studies, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were determined, and causative bacteria were identified. Primarily, the bone destruction stage was classified using computed tomography with reference to Griffiths’ scheme. Results. All patients had severe back pain before surgery with no relief of the pain after FED. Increased pain, including radicular pain after FED, was noted in one case. Causative pathogens from biopsy specimens were identified in 3 (75%) of the 4 cases. In preoperative radiological evaluation, all cases were classified as destructive stage in Griffiths’ scheme. The CRP levels of all the patients decreased slightly after endoscopic surgery. Relapse of spinal infection after revision surgery was not noted in any patient during the follow-up period. Conclusion. The surgical treatment of destructive-stage spondylitis with FED alone can increase low back pain due to aggressive debridement.
1. Introduction
Recently, the percentage of the elderly in the overall population and the number of immunocompromised hosts have been increasing, thereby resulting in an upward trend in the incidence of pyogenic spondylitis. Conservative treatment using antibiotics and bracing is usually adequate for most patients. Poor response to conservative treatment, severe persistent low back pain with deformity and instability, and progressing neurological deficits are indications for surgical treatment. However, major spinal surgery comprising anterior debridement with bone grafting is often related to postoperative complications [1]. In recent times, several minimally invasive methods, such as computed tomography-guided debridement and drainage, percutaneous discectomy, and procedures involving percutaneous pedicle screws have been used to treat infectious spondylitis [2–6].
The clinical outcomes of posterolateral spinal endoscopic surgery for pyogenic spondylodiscitis have already been reported in some recent studies, thus demonstrating satisfactory outcomes [7–10].
The purpose of this study is to report a case series of patients with pyogenic spondylodiscitis that was unsuccessfully treated with endoscopic surgery using the full endoscopic discectomy system (FED).
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Demographic Data of the Patients
We retrospectively examined 4 patients (2 males and 2 females; mean age, 70.6 years) with pyogenic lumbar spondylodiscitis who underwent debridement and anterior fusion surgery following FED. The mean follow-up period was 19.5 months (6–26 months). The organisms had been identified in all cases by blood cultures, and patients had been receiving conservative treatment with compatible antibiotics for 12–15 days at the Department of Internal Medicine. Despite previous conservative treatment, their spinal infection had not been controlled and they were referred to our department. All the patients presented with severe low back pain, requiring narcotic pain control and bed rest. They also had various comorbidities, including kidney disease, heart failure, and diabetes.
The affected level ranged from L2 to L5 in all the cases. Infectious spondylitis was diagnosed based on clinical examination, including elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein (CRP) values, which are inflammation markers, and roentgenographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings. The perioperative bone destruction stage was classified using computed tomography with reference to Griffiths’ scheme as early stage (narrowing of the disc space), destructive stage (bone destruction, collapse of softened vertebrae, and bone proliferation), and osteosclerotic stage (new bone formation and osteosclerotic changes) [11]. Perioperative clinical outcome was evaluated using a numerical rating scale (NRS). During the endoscopic procedure, infected necrotic tissue was collected to detect the causative organisms. CRP values were recorded preoperatively, postoperatively on day 5, and postoperatively on day 10, and computed tomography during admission.
2.2. Operative Procedure
The FED procedures were performed as previously described [10, 12, 13]. All procedures were carried out under total anesthesia, monitoring motor-evoked potentials during surgery to prevent nerve damage. The patients were placed prone on a radiolucent surgical bed. After creating 10 mm skin incision at a lateral point about 10 cm from the midline, a spinal needle was inserted directly into the affected intervertebra under fluoroscopic guidance. A single portal was placed except for one case with marked abscess retention. Percutaneous debridement of infected disc material and vertebral bodies was conducted using several types of rongeurs through the portal. Cultures of the organisms were taken from these resected materials to identify the organisms and effective antibiotics. Then, irrigation with more than 2000 ml saline was performed. Finally, a drainage catheter was inserted into the debrided disc space.
3. Results
All the patients had severe back pain (mean NRS score = 9.7) before surgery; increased pain, including the onset of radicular pain after FED, was noted in one case. In the other three cases, the NRS scores did not change (Table 1). The causative pathogens in biopsy specimens were identified in three (75%) of the four cases (Table 2); the isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli, Group B Streptococcus, and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Preoperative radiological evaluation revealed that all the cases were classified as destructive stage in Griffiths’ scheme and postoperative computed tomography showed further bone destruction (Figures 1−4). The CRP levels of all patients decreased slightly after endoscopic surgery (Table 3). Not all cases were able to walk due to pain after FED; therefore, they were indicated for anterior reconstruction surgery. The average duration from FED to anterior fusion was 18.5 (range, 10–24) days. No patient reported relapse of spinal infection after open revision surgery during the follow-up period.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
4. Discussion
FED was first employed for the treatment of uncomplicated herniated discs in the early 1980s. The clinical outcomes of this procedure are comparable with those of conventional open surgery [12, 14]. The minimal invasiveness and simplicity of the technique led surgeons to use FED for spinal debridement and drainage and as a modality for treating infectious spondylodiscitis. In addition to the minimal invasiveness, bacteriologic specimens could be directly obtained from the infected lesion to identify the organisms and administer effective antibiotics. In our study, the organisms in the collected tissue during FED were detected in 3 cases (75%) even though compatible antibiotics had been started in all cases before surgery.
The diagnostic and therapeutic value of percutaneous endoscopic lavage and drainage has been proved [8–10], indicating the effectiveness of posterolateral spinal endoscopic surgery for pyogenic spondylodiscitis. However, most of these studies have focused on early-stage infection. Ito reported that all patients (n = 15) with pyogenic spondylodiscitis experienced immediate back pain reduction after surgery and that the infections were successfully treated with subsequent parenteral antibiotic treatment [10].In our study, the same posterolateral endoscopic technique was used to treat four patients with pyogenic spondylodiscitis. Given that not all patients experienced alleviation of back pain after surgery and underwent open surgery, including anterior reconstruction with iliac strut bone graft and posterior instrumentation (Figures 1−4), there are two possible causes for these adverse consequences. Firstly, all patients were compromised hosts with comorbidities such as diabetes. Secondly, it is possible that vertebral destruction has progressed because all patients had been receiving conservative therapy for some period. In particular, two cases showed severe intervertebral defects preoperatively (Figures 1 and 4). Furthermore, aggressive debridement with FED increased instability and induced exacerbated pain. In the worst cases, neurological disorders due to foraminal stenosis would appear, such as that noted in our study (Figure 3).
In addition to the postoperative progress of vertebral destruction, preoperative destructive changes at vertebral levels reportedly illustrated local kyphosis progression during follow-up due to aggressive debridement after FED [10, 13]. Thus, it is necessary to quantify and evaluate the degree of preoperative bone destruction and determine a clear indication of FED. When more extensive bone destruction is identified, open debridement and bone grafting can provide adequate stability, relieve symptoms, and prevent kyphosis. In recent times, the minimally invasive direct lateral retroperitoneal approach for the surgical treatment of lumbar discitis and osteomyelitis, which allows for thorough debridement and spinal reconstruction, has also been reported [15, 16].Therefore, factors such as progress of vertebral destruction may be considered as exclusion criteria for endoscopic procedures, indicating that it is better to perform open surgery in a minimally invasive manner for the primary treatment in such cases.
This study has several limitations. First, we examined only four cases; therefore, the results cannot be generalized. Second, the retrospective nature of this study lacks a random assignment of subjects and does not allow the enrolled patients to be subjected to different treatment methods for subsequent comparison of clinical outcomes. Finally, the absence of a control group made it difficult to validate the negative treatment effect of FED in destructive-stage spondylitis. In the future, we need further verification of the clinical results depending on the degree of bone destruction with a large sample size. In addition, guidelines for the surgical treatment of pyogenic spondylodiscitis should be established.
5. Conclusion
In destructive-stage spondylitis, surgical treatment with FED alone can promote bone destruction due to aggressive debridement, which can exacerbate postoperative low back pain. Further investigations with larger sample sizes to select the appropriate treatment depending on the degree of bone destruction are needed.
Data Availability
Derived data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author on request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.