A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Triplex Infections (Combined Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B Virus, and Hepatitis C Virus) among Pregnant Women in Nigeria

Table 3

The diagnostic methods, eligibility criteria and risk of bias/quality of the included studies.

Row	Author (references)	Diagnostic method	Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria	Quality	Risk of bias
1	Adesina et al. 2010 [16]	ELISA	Pregnant women enrolled into PMTCT	Unavailable result for HBV or HCV	3	Low risk
2	Ezechi et al. 2014 [17]	HIV-WESTERN BLOT; HBV-seropositivity to HBSAG; HCV-antibody positivity to HCV	Pregnant women enrolled into PMTCT	Refusal to give consent	3	Low risk
3	Ikeako et al. 2014 [18]	ELISA	Pregnant women with complete sociodemographic variable, HIV, HBV, and HCV screening results	Women whose mothers were HBV or HCV carriers	2	Low risk
4	Oga et al. 2018 [19]	HBsAg (rapid test), HCV (ELISA)	Pregnant women enrolled into PMTCT	Refusal to give consent	2	Low risk
5	Okeke et al. 2012 [20]	HCV- ELISA + PCR; HBV-ELISA; HIV-not stated	Pregnant women enrolled into PMTCT	Refusal to give consent	4	Moderate risk
6	Omatola et al. 2019 [21]	HCV (ELISA), HBsAg (immunochromatography)	Pregnant women that gave consent	Refusal to give consent	2	Low risk
7	Opaleye et al. 2016 [22]	ELISA, Immunochromatography	All antenatal women	Refusal to give consent	3	Low risk
8	Ya’aba et al. 2019 [23]	Rapid test	Pregnant women enrolled into PMTCT	Not stated	3	Low risk

HIV :  human immunodeficiency virus; ELISA : enzyme linked immuno assay; RDT : rapid diagnostic test.