A “Weird” Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation as a Metabolic “Secret” of Cancer

Figure 13

Beta-oxidation shuttle and glutaminolysis pathways. The blue arrows indicate β-oxidation shuttle. The purple arrows indicate oxidative glutaminolysis and aspartate synthesis pathways. The green arrows indicate anaplerosis of “β-oxidation shuttle” by oxidative and reductive glutaminolysis. The orange arrows indicate citrate-isocitrate shuttle. AGC: aspartate-glutamate carrier; Asp: aspartate; CIC: mitochondrial citrate carrier; FAS: fatty acid synthesis; Glu: glutamate; GLUD1: glutamate dehydrogenase 1; GOT2: glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2; a-KG: a-ketoglutarate; NNT: NAD(P) transhydrogenase; OAA: oxaloacetate; OGC: oxoglutarate carrier; Succ: succinate; TFP: trifunctional protein; VLCDH: very long-chain dehydrogenase.