Stress Management Training (SMT) Improves Coping of Tremor-Boosting Psychosocial Stressors and Depression in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Controlled Prospective Study

Figure 2

Psychosocial stress factors according to Kaluza, severity of depression (BDI), and quality of life (PDQ-8) of PD patients and controls before and after SMT. Psychosocial stress factors according to Kaluza (warning signs for stress and stress-amplifying thoughts), severity of depression according to Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and quality of life (PDQ-8) of PD patients and controls at baseline (black bars) at the beginning of stress management training (SMT) and as short-term outcome directly at the end of SMT after 8 weeks (light grey bars) are shown. Outcome of PD patients additionally is shown as long-term outcome 3–6 months after completing SMT (dark grey bars). All scales are summed together and transformed to a score from 0 to 100 points (0–100%) for comparison purposes after conversion to POMP scores [33]. Significantly different scores between baseline and short-term outcome (8 weeks) and baseline and long-term outcome (3–6 months) are labeled with an asterisk with . PD = patients with Parkinson’s disease; CON = healthy controls.