Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease: Antagonistic Pleiotropy Phenomena Derived from α-Synuclein Evolvability?

Figure 2

Schematics of the motor and nonmotor symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases and amyloid evolvability in the human brain. Hypothetically, stress information derived from both motor and nonmotor neurons might be integrated into diverse structures of αS protofibril strains that are transgenerationally transmitted to offspring during reproduction as a physiological phenomenon. On the other hand, the αS protofibrils may manifest as neurodegenerative disease associated with NMS through an antagonistic pleiotropy mechanism during the postreproductive senescent period. Both processes are stimulated by various proteins, including Aβ, tau, γS, and apoE, but are suppressed by wild-type βS.