Dance Is an Accessible Physical Activity for People with Parkinson’s Disease

Table 4

Data analysis for randomised controlled trials.

Author (lead), year	Dependent variable	Outcome measure	Effect size	95% Confidence interval (CI)	Dose of intervention
Duncan and Earhart (2012) [62]: tango vs. usual care	Disability-motor	UPDRS-motor 3	−2.71	−3.40 to −2.02	1 hr class, 2/week, 12 months
Hackney and Earhart (2010) [60]: partnered tango vs. nonpartnered dance	Balance	Berg balance scale	−0.33	−0.96 to 0.30	1 hr, 2/week, 10 weeks
	Mobility	Timed up and go	0.52	−0.12 to 1.16
Hackney and Earhart (2009) [61]: waltz/foxtrot vs. control argentine tango vs. control	Disability	UPDRS	WF: −2.61	−3.53 to −1.70	1 hr, 2/week, 13 weeks
			T: −2.44	−3.37 to −1.51
	Balance	Berg balance scale	WF: 2.54	1.64 to 3.44
			T: 2.52	1.57 to 3.46
	Mobility	Timed up and go	WF: -1.74	−2.25 to −0.95
			T: −2.14	−3.02 to −1.25
	Endurance	6 minute walk test	WF: 1.86	1.05 to 2.66
			T: 2.39	1.47 to 3.31
	Freezing of gait	Freezing of gait	WF: 0.85	0.14 to 1.55
			T: 0.76	0.03 to 1.49
Tango vs. waltz/foxtrot	Disability	UPDRS	0.55	−0.17 to 1.27
	Balance	BBS	−0.09	−0.80 to 0.61
	Mobility	TUG	−0.75	−1.48 to −0.02
	Endurance	6MWT	1.75	0.92 to 2.58
	Freezing of gait	FOG	−0.08	−0.79 to 0.63
Hackney et al. (2007) [59]: partnered argentine tango vs. group exercise class	Disability (motor)	UPDRS–Motor 3	1.53	0.51 to 2.55	1 hr, 2/week, 13 weeks
	Balance	Berg balance scale	3.52	2.09 to 4.96
	Mobility	Timed up and go	−4.78	−6.54 to −3.01
	Freezing of gait	Freezing of gait	1.56	0.54 to 2.59
	Gait velocity	Gait velocity m/s	−1.01	−1.97 to −0.05
	Dual tasking	Velocity of dual walking task m/s	−1.11	−2.08 to −0.05
Hashimoto et al. (2015) [67]: PD dance vs. PD ex	Mobility	Time up and go	0.29	−0.40 to 0.99	Dance: 60 min class (dance), 1/week, 12 weeks Exercise: 60 min class (stretching, strengthening), 1/week, 12 weeks
	Balance	Berg balance scale	1.49	0.71 to 2.28
	Disability	UPDRS	−0.89	−1.62 to −0.16
	Depression	Self-rating depression scale	−0.18	−0.88 to 0.51
PD dance vs. control (usual care)	Mobility	Time up and go	−0.22	−0.95 to 0.51	Dance: 60 min class, 1/week, 12 weeks
	Balance	Berg balance scale	1.05	0.27 to 1.83
	Disability	UPDRS	−1.19	−1.98 to −0.40
	Depression	Self-rating depression scale	−0.71	−1.46 to 0.04
Kunkel et al. (2017) [55]: dance vs. control	Balance	Berg balance scale	−0.01	−0.62 to 0.59	1 hr, 2/week, 10 weeks
	Mobility	Timed up and go	0.37	−0.24 to 0.97
	Endurance	6 minute walk test	−0.26	−0.87 to 0.34
	Quality of life	PDQ-39	0.13	−0.47 to 0.73
Lee et al. (2015) [57]: virtual reality vs. control	Balance	Berg balance scale	1.09	0.15 to 2.03	30 mins, 5/week, 6 weeks
	Activities of daily living	Modified Barthel index	1.12	0.18 to 2.07
	Depression	Beck depression inventory	−1.30	−2.26 to −0.34
Lee et al. (2018) [63]: Qigong dancing vs. wait list	Disability	UPDRS	−0.36	−1.00 to 0.27	60 min, 2/week, 8 weeks
	Quality of life	PD quality of life	0.55	−0.09 to 1.19
	Balance	Berg balance sale	0.38	−0.25 to 1.01
	Depression	Beck depression inventory	0.33	−1.22 to 0.06
McKee and Hackney (2013) [66]: tango vs. education	Disability (motor)	UPDRS–Motor 3	−0.66	−1.45 to 0.12	90 mins, 20 sessions, 12 weeks
	Balance	Advanced balance scale	0.32	−0.45 to 1.09
	Mobility	Timed up and go	−0.07	−0.83 to 0.70
	Quality of life	PDQ-39	0.16	−0.61 to 0.93
	Freezing of gait	Freezing of gait	−0.27	−1.00 to 0.53
Michels et al. (2018) [30]: dance therapy vs. control	Disability (motor)	UPDRS–Motor 3	−1.32	-2.60 to −0.03	60 mins, 1/week, 10 weeks
	Disability	UPDRS–Total	−0.61	−1.81 to 0.59
	Balance	Berg balance scale	1.32	0.03 to 2.60
	Mobility	Timed up and go	−1.07	−2.32 to 0.18
	Depression	Beck depression inventory	1.03	−0.21 to 2.27
Poier et al. (2019) [64]: argentine tango vs. tai chi	Quality of life	PDQ-39	−0.14	−0.87 to 0.59	60 min class, 1/week, 10 weeks
	Satisfaction	BMLSS-life satisfaction	0.18	−0.55 to 0.91
Rocha et al. (2018) [27]: argentine tango vs. mixed genre dance	Mobility	Timed up and go	−0.61	−1.49 to 0.27	In-person: 1 hour, 1/week Home: 40 mins, 1/week, 8 weeks
	Freezing of gait	Freezing of gait	0.26	−0.60 to 1.12
	Balance	Berg balance scale	0.43	−0.44 to 1.30
	Quality of life	PDQ-39	−0.75	−1.64 to 0.14
	Disability (motor)	UPDRS 3 (R)	−0.01	−0.87 to 0.85
	Disability (motor)	UPDRS 3 (L)	0.14	−0.72 to 0.99
Rio Romenets et al. (2015) [58]: partnered tango vs. self-directed exercise	Disability	UPDRS-total	−0.50	−1.19 to 0.20	1 hr, 2/week, 12 weeks
	Disability (motor)	UPDRS 3	−0.60	−1.30 to 0.11
	Quality of life	PDQ-39	0.11	−0.57 to 0.80
	Mobility	Timed up and go	−1.00	−1.73 to −0.28
	Mobility	Dual timed up and go	0.28	−0.41 to 0.97
	Freezing of gait	Freezing of gait	−0.34	−1.03 to 0.35
Shanahan et al. (2017) [26]: Irish set dancing vs. usual care	Disability (motor)	UPDRS 3	−1.13	−1.79 to −0.47	In-person: 1 hr, 1/week Home: 20 mins, 3/week, 10 weeks
	Endurance	6 minute walk test	0.13	−0.48 to 0.74
	Quality of life	PDQ-39	0.00	−0.61 to 0.61
Solla et al. (2019) [56]: Sardinian folk dance vs. usual care	Disability (motor)	UPDRS–Motor 3	−1.16	−2.11 to −0.21	90 mins, 2/week, 12 weeks
	Endurance	6 minute walk test	2.57	1.38 to 3.75
	Balance	Berg balance scale	1.99	0.92 to 3.07
	Mobility	Timed up and go	−1.81	−2.85 to −0.77
Volpe et al. (2013) [65]: Irish set dancing vs. physiotherapy	Disability (motor)	UPDRS-motor	−0.99	−1.84 to −0.14	Dance: 90 min classes, 1/week, 6 months PT: 90 mins, 1/week, 6 months, 1 hr weekly home video
	Balance	Berg balance scale	0.81	−0.02 to 1.64
	Freezing of gait	Freezing of gait	−1.45	−2.43 to −0.55
	Quality of life	PDQ-39	−0.58	−1.43 to 0.23

PDQ-39: Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-39; PT: physiotherapy; UPDRS: Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. Analyses were for baseline and after intervention data within groups, unless otherwise specified.