Dance Is an Accessible Physical Activity for People with Parkinson’s Disease

Table 5

Data analysis for nonrandomised trials.

Author (lead), year	Dependent variable	Outcome measure	Mean difference (within group: baseline to after intervention)	95% confidence interval (CI)	Dose of intervention
Albani et al. (2019) [68] : home exercise + tango	Disability	UPDRS	−3.33	N/A	Home: 1 hr, 4/week, 5 weeks; Group session: 2 hr, 1/week, 5 weeks
	Quality of life	PDQ-39	−3.57	N/A
Batson (2010) [77] :  modern dance	Mobility	Timed up and go	0.70	N/A	85 min class, 3/week, 3 weeks
	Balance	Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale	3.1	N/A
Blandy et al. (2015) [70] :  tango class	Quality of life	EurQol-5D	0.06 (median)	N/A	1 hr, 2/week, 4 weeks
	Depression	Beck Depression Inventory	4.50 (median)	N/A
Dahmen-Zimmer and Jansen (2017) [69] :  dance training versus karate	Depression	Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale	ES (between group) 0.61	−0.22 to 1.45	1 hr, 1/week, 30 weeks
	Wellbeing	SF-12	ES (between group) −1.02	−1.88 to −0.15
Delextrant et al. (2016) [71]	Aerobic capacity	Mean heart rate	No significant effect of dance style on heart rate (p = 0.689).	N/A	Up to 1 hr, weekly, 6 sessions
Hackney and Earhart (2009) [72]: Argentine tango	Balance	Berg Balance Scale	2.80	N/A	1.5 hrs, 5/week, 2 weeks
	Disability (motor)	UPDRS-motor 3	−4.6	N/A
	Mobility	Timed up and go	−2.0 (seconds)	N/A
	Endurance	6-minute walk test	35.90 (metres)	N/A
Hackney and McKee (2014) [28] :  adapted tango	Balance	Berg Balance Scale	0.30	N/A	1.5 hrs, 2/week, for 12 weeks
	Mobility	Timed up and go	−0.19	N/A
Heiberger et al. (2011) [78]: mixed dance for PD	Disability	UPDRS	8.2	N/A	1/week class, 1.5 hrs, 8 months
	Mobility	Timed up and go	0.7	N/A
Kalyani et al. (2019) [81]: dance class versus control	Quality of life	PDQ39	ES (between group) 0.23	−0.46 to 0.91	1 hr, 2/week, 12 weeks
	Disability (ADL)	UPDRS-2	ES (between group) −0.13	−0.81 to 0.55
	Depression	Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale	ES (between group) −0.71	−1.41 to 0.00
Listewnik and Ossowski (2018) [75]: tango dance classes	Mobility	Tinetti Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment	2.15	N/A	70 mins, 2/week, for 12 weeks
	Mobility	Timed up and go	−1.72	N/A
	Endurance	6-minute walk test	85.20	N/A
McGill et al. (2018) [85]: ballet classes versus no dance	Gait	Step variability	ES (between group) 0.70	−0.03 to 1.42	1.25–1.5 hrs, 1/week, for 1 year
	Gait	Stride variability	ES (between group) 0.62	−0.10 to 1.34
	Balance	Activities-Specific BalanceConfidence Scale	ES (between group) 0.24	−0.47 to 0.95
McKay et al. (2016) [80]: adapted tango	Disability (motor)	UPDRS-motor 3	−2.90	N/A	90 mins, 15 lessons over 3 weeks
	Balance	Berg Balance Scale	3.80	N/A
	Endurance	6-minute walk test	40.80	N/A
	Mobility	Timed up and go	−1.10	N/A
	Freezing of gait	Freezing of gait	0.10	N/A
McNeely et al. (2015) [89]:tango vs. mixed dance	Disability (motor)	UPDRS-motor 3	ES (between group) −0.42	−1.41 to 0.57	1 hr group class, 2/week, 12 weeks
	Quality of life	PDQ-39	ES (between group) −0.25	−1.23 to 0.74
	Mobility	Timed up and go	ES (between group) 0.2	−0.78 to 1.19
	Mobility	Dual task timed up and go	ES (between group) 0.42	−0.57 to 1.41
	Endurance	6-minute walk test	ES (between group) −0.39	−1.38 to 0.60
McRae et al. (2018) [87]: dance classes	Quality of life	Short-Form Health Survey	3.84	N/A	1-2/week, 12 months (6 months–2yrs), session length unknown
Marchant et al. (2010) [79]: improvisation dance	Disability (motor)	UPDRS-motor 3	5.4	N/A	10 1.5 hour classes, 2 weeks
	Endurance	6-minute walk test	−3.8	N/A
	Mobility	Timed up and go	−0.5	N/A
	Balance	Berg Balance Scale	3.0	N/A
Rawson et al. (2019) [86] tango vs. treadmill	Disability (motor)	UPDRS-motor 3	ES (between group) 1.35	0.83 to 1.87	1 hr class, 2/week, 12 weeks
	Endurance	6-minute walk test	ES (between group) 0.29	−0.19 to 0.76
	Quality of life	PDQ-39	ES (between group) 0.44	−0.04 to 0.92
Tango vs control (stretching)	Disability (motor)	UPDRS-motor 3	ES (between group) 1.07	0.56 to 1.57
	Endurance	6-minute walk test	ES (between group) −0.80	−1.29 to −0.31
	Quality of life	PDQ-39	ES (between group) 1.14	0.63 to 1.65
Seidler et al. (2017) [84]: tele-rehabilitation group (tango versus in-person group)	Disability (motor)	UPDRS-motor 3	ES (between group) 0.22	−0.66 to 1.10	1 hr, 2/week, 12 weeks
Shanahan et al. (2017) [76] :  Irish set dancing	Disability (motor)	UPDRS-motor 3	−2.0 (median)	N/A	In person: 1.5 hrs, 1/week Home: 20 mins, 2/week, 8 weeks
	Quality of life	PDQ-39	−4.03 (median)	N/A
	Endurance	6-minute walk test	0.0	N/A
	Balance	Berg Balance Scale	1.0	N/A
Tillmann et al. (2020) [83] :  Brazilian samba versus control		Beck Depression Inventory	ES (between group) 1.17	0.55 to 1.79	1 hr, 2/week, 12 weeks
Tunur et al. (2020) [73] :  Google glass dancing	Mobility	Timed up and go	0.5	N/A	3+ modules/day, 3 weeks.; Session length not reported
	Mobility	Dual task timed up and go	−0.5	N/A
Zafar et al. (2017) [82] :  adapted tango for PD versus AT for older adult	Participation	Participation and Autonomy Scale	ES (between group) 0.32	−0.20 to 0.83	90 min, 2/week, 12 weeks

Note: ES, effect size; PDQ-39, Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-39; UPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Analyses were for baseline and postintervention data within groups, unless otherwise specified.