Effect of Pesticides on Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) and Their Association with Obesity and Diabetes

Figure 1

Activation of PPARγ and its interaction with lipid metabolism on the adipocyte. El PPARγ is conditioned to C/EBPα activation, once activated the receptor can recognize and bind to a PEP sequence of the genes of Acc, Fas, Ap2 y Lpl, which are involved with lipogenesis, adipocyte differentiation, lipid accumulation, and adipogenesis; lets the secretion of adipokines, therefore, are used as biomarkers of PPARγ activation. Also, the activation can be blocked by the accumulation of Ca⁺² ions and ER activation. Abbreviations: ACC, acetyl Co-A carboxylase; AMPKα, AMP-activated protein kinase; C/EBPα-, CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha; C/EBP-β, CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta; C/EBP-d, CCAAT enhancer binding protein delta; ER, estrogen receptor; FABP4, fatty acid-binding protein 4; FAS, fatty acid synthase; GLUT-4, glucose transporter type 4; LPL, lipoprotein lipase; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; TG, triglycerides.