Pain Research and Treatment

Review Article

Pain-Related Fear: A Critical Review of the Related Measures

Table 3

Overview of psychometric properties of all selected questionnaires.


Instrument	Study population	Reliability	Validity	Responsiveness

Presented in accordance with language version, in alphabetical order	(a) sample size (b) gender (% male) (c) mean age (years) (d) pain duration (months)	(a) internal consistency (b) reproducibility (c) other	(a) content (b) construct (1) convergent (2) divergent (c) criterion related (1) concurrent (2) predictive (d) other	(a) Effect size (b) Area under ROC- curve (AUC) (c) other

Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ)

Chinese Lee et al. [29, 30]	(a) 476 NP (b) 40% (c) 42.5 (d) no info	(a)α FABQ = 0.90 (b) ICC FABQ = 0.81 (c) Item-total FABQ = 0.31–0.68	(a) Content: Translation and back translation + Expert group (b) Construct: PCA: 3 factors (61.6%) (c) Criterion related: Concurrent r _s FABQ_total (NRS) entry = 0.34*; discharge = 0.33; (NPQ) entry = 0.56; discharge = 0.53; (SF36 physical) entry = −0.45; discharge = −0.64; (SF36 mental) entry = −0.36; discharge = −0.43* FABQ_pa pain related: pain rating = −0.32; Northwick Park Neck Pain Quest. = −0.39 physical: active range of motion = −0.13; age = −0.12; strength index = −0.15; SF36 physical = −0.47 emotional: SF36: mental = −0.12** FABQ_work pain related: pain rating = −0.44; Northwick Park Neck Pain Quest. = −0.47 physical: age = −0.07; active range of motion = −0.19; SF36: physical = −0.40; strength index = −0.17 psychosocial: SF36: mental = −0.36** FABQ_{prognosis work} pain related: Northwick Park Neck Pain Quest. = −0.422; pain rating = −0.35 physical: age = −0.12; active range of motion = −0.20; strength index = −0.17** psychosocial: SF-36: mental = −0.29; SF-36: physical = −0.49	(a) SRM FABQ_work = 0.38 FABQ_pa = 0.32 (b) —

Dutch Crombez et al. [31]; Reneman et al. [32]	(a) 35 CP + 38 CLBP; 58 CLBP; (b) 31% + 34%; 67% (c) 36.1+ 40.8; 35.6 and 40.4 (d) 80.4+76; no info	(a)α FABQ_work = 0.84 FABQ_pa = 0.57 (b) —	(a) — (b) — (c) Criterion related: Concurrent FABQ_work(r_p) pain related: baseline pain = 0.56*; disability (RDQ) = 0.63; experienced pain increase = 0.42* physical: FCE-dynamic forward bend = 0.30; FCE-lifting performance (m_en) = −0.37 peak torque = 0.45** psychosocial: kinesiophobia (TSK) = 0.56* + 0.53; negative affect (NEM) = 0.35* + 0.38** FABQ_pa pain related: base-line pain = 0.31; disability (RDQ) = 0.51** physical: FCE-static forward bend = 0.30; peak torque = −0.45* psychosocial: kinesiophobia (TSK) = 0.57*, 0.76; 0.392; negative affect (NEM) = 0.42* Regression Dependent: Disability (RDQ) β FABQ_work = 0.57*; β FABQ_pa = 0.40 (d) —	(a) — (b) —

English Waddell et al. [33]; McCracken et al. [34]	(a) 184 LBP; 45 CP (b) 55%; 47% (c) 39.7; 46.3 (d) 13.7; 27	(a)α FABQ_work= 0.88 FABQ_pa= 0.77 (b) r _p FABQ_work = 0.95 FABQ_pa= 0.88 (c) Other: kappa FABQ = 0.74***	(a) — (b) Construct PCA: 2 factors: FABQ_{work beliefs (work)} and FABQ_{activity beliefs (pa)} (c) Criterion related: Concurrent R_pFABQ_work avoidance (PBC) = 0.35; depressive symptoms (ZDI) = 0.41; disability (RDQ) = 0.55; help seeking (PBC) = 0.43,(PDI) = 0.48 pain severity (VAS) = 0.23; psych.distress (MSPQ) = 0.36*; work loss_present = 0.39; work loss_past year = 0.55 FABQ_pa avoidance (PBC) = 0.46; depressive symptoms (ZDI) = 0.36*; disability (RDI) = 0.51; (PDI) = 0.37; work loss^{past year} = 0.23 FABQ_total avoidance (PBC) = 0.46; disability (PDI) = 0.52*; help seeking (PBC) = 0.46 Regression (1) Dependent: disability (RDQ); (PDI) ß FABQ_work = 0.32*; 0.26; ß FABQ_pa = 0.27* (2) Dependent: work loss_past year ß FABQ_work = 0.48* (3) Dependent: help seeking ß FABQ_work = 0.43* (d) —	(a) — (b) —

French Chaory et al. [35] (3 studies in 1 article)	(a) 31 CLBP; 147 CLBP; 70 CLBP (b) no info; no info; no info (c) 46; 45.3; 42.5 (d) 42.5; 113; 45.5	(a) — (b) ICC FABQ_work = 0.88 FABQ_pa = 0.72	(a) — (b) Construct: Factor Analysis (FA): 4 factors; fear of professional activities, physical activity, beliefs about return to work, beliefs about the responsibility of work with chronic symptoms 2 factors; beliefs about professional activities, beliefs about physical activity Construct: divergent FABQ_work: depression (HADS) = 0.29; disability (Quebec score) = 0.36 FABQ_pa: handicap (VAS) = 0.36; 0.34	(a) FABQ_work = 0.30 FABQ_work = 0.31 (b) —

German Pfingsten et al., [36]; Staerkle et al., [37, 38]	(a) 302 CLBP; 388 LBP (b) 52%; 44% (c) 44.6; 54.2 (d) 71.4; no info	(a)α FABQ_work= 0.89 FABQ_pa= 0.94; 0.91 α (after FA) FABQ_total = 0.91; FABQ_work1 = 0.89; FABQ_work2 = 0.94 FABQ_pa = 0.69 (b) r_p FABQ_work = 0.89 FABQ_work1= 0.83; FABQ_work2 = 0.89; FABQ_pa = 0.90; 0.84 (c) Weighted Kappa = 0.76 ICC** FABQwork = 0.91 FABPpa = 0.83	(a) — (b) Construct: Factor Analysis 3 factors: work as a cause (43.4%); prognosis work (11.8%) physical activity (8.9%) 2 factors (exclusion item 1, 8, 13, 14): fear-avoidance beliefs relation work-LBP; fear-avoidance beliefs relation physical activity-LBP (c) Criterion related: Concurrent (r_p) FABQ_work(baseline) pain related: disability (RDQ) = 0.57*; pain severity (VAS) = 0.47* physical: work absence last month = 0.47*** psychosocial: depressive symptoms (ZDI) = 0.42*; psychol. distress (MSPQ) = 0.36* FABQ_pa (baseline) pain related: disability (RDQ) = 0.56*; pain severity (VAS) = 0.48* physical: work absence last month = 0.42*** psychosocial: depressive symptoms (ZDI) = 0.37*; psychological distress (MSPQ) = 0.31^2 FABQ_work(followup) Physical:* disability (RDQ) = 0.47*; work absence last month = 0.44* Psychosocial: depressive symptoms (ZDI) = 0.34*; pain severity (VAS) = 0.37* psychological distress (MSPQ) = 0.29*** FABQ_pa (followup) pain related: disability (RDQ) = 0.39*; pain severity (VAS) = 0.29* physical: work absence last month = 0.29*** psychosocial: depressive symptoms (ZDI) = 0.25*; psychological distress (MSPQ) = 0.24* Regression (1) Dependent: disability (FFbH-R) β FABQ_work = 0.35** β FABQ_pa = 0.22* (2) Dependent: work loss β FABQ_work = 0.65*** β FABQ_pa = 0.12* (d) —	(a) Effect size FABQ_work= 0.33 FABQ_pa= 0.41 (b) —

Greece Georgoudis et al. [39]	(a) 70 CLBP (b) 17% (c) 42.2 (d) no info	(a) α FABQ_pa = 0.72 FABQ_work1 = 0.90 FABQ_work2 = 0.86 (b) ICC FABQ_work1 = 0.93 FABQ_work2 = 0.94 FABQ_pa = 0.85	(a) — (b) Construct: Convergent FABQ_work = TSK = 0.39*; FABQ_pa = TSK = 0.55* Divergent FABQ_work1: HADS = 0.26; HADS_depression = 0.35; HADS_anxiety = 0.22; Pain intensity (VAS) = 0.56 FABQ_pa = HADS_depression = 0.29; Pain-intensity (VAS) = 0.49	(a) — (b) —

Hebrews Jacob et al. [40]	(a) 151 LBP (b) 44% (c) 44.3 (d) >1	(a) α FABQ_work = 0.89 FABQ_pa = 0.70 (b) ICC FABQ_work = 0.90 FABQ_pa = 0.77 Kappa FABQ_work = 0.53 FABQ_pa = 0.64	(a) — (b) — (c) —	(a) — (b) —

Norwegian Grotle et al. [27]	(a) (123 acute LBP)+ 50 CLBP (b) 45% + 38% (c) 37.8+ 40.4 (d) 0.3 + 18.7	(a) α(n = 28) FABQ_work = 0.90 FABQ_pa = 0.79 (b) ICC FABQ_work = 0.82 FABQ_pa = 0.66	(a) Content: Translation-back translation + Pilot study (b) Construct: Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA): 2 factors (item 8 excluded); FABQ_work(60%), FABQ_pa(54%) FABQ_{work chronic} pain related: disability (ODI) = 0.34; disability days = 0.52* physical: age = −0.36; smoking = 0.52; straight leg raising (SLR) = −0.31 psychosocial: (HSCL25) = 0.43; (MSPQ) = 0.59; nonorganic signs = 0.32* FABQ_{pa chronicp} pain related: disability (ODI) = 0.39*; disability days = 0.33 physical: smoking = 0.45*; straight leg raising = −0.36; walking test = 0.31* psychosocial: (MSPQ) = 0.32; (HSCL25) = 0.36 (c) —	(a) SRM (Cohen’s effect size) FABQ_work = 0.56 FABQ_pa = 0.32 (b) —

Spanish Kovacs et al. [41]	(a) 209 LBP (b) 42% (c) 45.7 (d) 65	(a) α FABQ = 0.94 (b) ICC FABQ = 0.97 (c) Weighted kappa FABQ = 0.74	(a) — (b) (c) Criterion related: Concurrent FABQ_work Disability (RM) = 0.467*; low back pain (VAS) = 0.381; quality of life (SF-36, PCS) = −0.386; quality of life (SF-36, MCS) = −0.320; referred pain (VAS) = 0.323* FABQ_pa disability (RM) = 0.412; low back pain (VAS) = 0.324; quality of life (SF-36, PCS) = −0-304; quality of life (SF-36, MCS) = −0.201; referred pain (VAS) = 0.251 FABQ_total Disability (RM) = 0.522; low back pain (VAS) = 0.398; quality of life (SF-36, PCS) = −0432; quality of life (SF-36, MCS) = −0.361; referred pain (VAS) = 0.320***	(a) — (b) — (c) Floor and ceiling effects FABQ_work Floor effect 2.9% Ceiling effect 8.6% FABQ_pa Floor effect 1.4% Ceiling effect 23.9% FABQ_total Floor effect 1.0% Ceiling effect 3.3%

Fear Avoidance of Pain Scale (FAPS)

English Crowley and Kendall [42]	(a) 21 + 63 chronic musculoskeletal pain (b) 33% (c) 35.7 (d) 48.8	(a)α 0.92 (b) r_p 0.84** ()	(a) — (b) — (c) Criterion related: Concurrent depression (Zung) = 0.48 −0.54; disability (FLP) = 0.42 −0.69; impact of pain (MPI) = −0.04* −0.73; pain (VAS) = 0.37 −0.48; pain-related thoughts (PRSS-CAT) = 0.51 −0.63**	(a) — (b) — (c) Sensitivity to treatment Change ANOVA Pretreatment versus post-treatment 14.85* Pre-treatment versus followup 22.4*

Fear of Pain Questionnaire (FPQ)

English Hursey and Jacks [43]; McCracken et al. [34]; McNeil and Rainwater [44], [45]	(a) 45 headache and 58 controls,45 CP; 40 CP and 40 healthy controls +275 students (b) 12%; 47%; 32.5% (c) 462; 474 (d) 272; no info	(a) α Headache: FPQ_{Total scale} = 0.92 FPQ_Minor = 0.86 FPQ_Severe, FPQ_Medical = 0.87 Controls: FPQ_{Total scale} = 0.80 FPQ_Minor = 0.71 FPQ_Severe = 0.86 PQ_Medical = 0.64 (b) —	(a) — (b) — (c) Criterion related: Concurrent FPQ_total disability (PDI) = 0.15; somatic = 0.38* anger = 0.13; anxiety = 0.0.37; avoidance (PBC) = 0.25; complaints (PBC) = 0.22; depression = 0.46; help seeking (PBC) = 0.11; pain (MPQ) = 0.03 FPQ_Severe Complaints (PBC) = 0.32 (d) Intercorrelations subscales r_α Minor-medical = 0.30*; Severe-medical = 0.65* Group effect for: Severe pain < 0.024; Gender effect: Subscales and total scale , Ethnical effect in control group, Medical pain	(a) — (b) —

Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale ( PASS)

Dutch Crombez et al. [30]	(a) 31 CLBP (b) 48% (c) 41.61 (d) 121	(a) α PASS = 0.91 (b) —	(a) — (b) — (c) Criterion related: Concurrent validity catastrophizing (PCS) = 0.61**; kinesiophobia (TSK) = 0.34; negative affect (NEM) = 0.63**; weight lifting (s) = −0.33	(a) — (b) —

Combined Dutch and USA study Roelofs et al. [46] Dutch/The Netherlands English/USA Original PASS + PASS-20	(a) 398 FMS (Dutch)+ 2. 228 CLBP (Dutch) + 3. 284 pain (USA) (b) 6% + 39% + 35% (c) 47.6 + 50.0 + 46.6 (d) 159 + 2. 74 + 63	(a) α PASS_total = 0.94 PASS_{cognitive anxiety} = 0.85 PASS_{fear of pain} = 0.86 PASS_{escape/avoidance} = 0.75 PASS_{phys.s of anxiety} = 0.86 PASS-20 = 0.91 PASS_{cognitive anxiety} = 0.84 PASS_{fear of pain} = 0.84 PASS_{escape/avoidance} = 0.73 PASS_{physiological symptoms of anxiety} = 0.74 (b) —	(a) — (b) Construct validity: Convergent validity PASS_total: catastrophizing (PCS) = 0.76; fear (TSK) = 0.55, PVAQ = 0.59 PASS_{cognitive anxiety}: catastrophizing = 0.69; fear (TSK) = 0.45; PVAQ = 0.52 PASS_{fear of pain}: catastrophizing = 0.73; fear (TSK) = 0.54; PVAQ_n = 0.51 PASS_{escape/avoidance}: catastrophizing = 0.58; fear (TSK) = 0.49; PVAQ = 0.55 PASS_{physiological symptoms of anxiety}: catastrophizing (PCS) = 0.76; fear (TSK) = 0.41; PVAQ = 0.42 PASS-20_{cognitive anxiety}: catastrophizing (PCS) = 0.70; fear (TSK) = 0.44; PVAQ = 0.54 PASS-20_{fear of pain}: catastrophizing (PCS) = 0.74, fear (TSK) = 0.53; PVAQ = 0.53 PASS-20_{escape/avoidance}; catastrophizing (PCS) = 0.54; fear (TSK) = 0.47; PVAQ = 0.50 PASS_{physiological symptoms of anxiety}: catastrophizing (PCS) = 0.56; fear (TSK) = 0.37; PVAQ = 0.40 (c) —	(a) — (b) —

English 53 items McCracken et al., [18]; [34]; Burns et al., [47]; Strahl et al. [48]	(a) 104 CP; 45 CP; 98 CP; 154 RA (b) 46%; 47%; 100%; 14% (c) 45; 46.3; 38.9; 54 (d) 63.; 27; 9.5; 178	(a) α PASS_total = 0.941 PASS_somatic = 0.891 PASS_cognitive = 0.871 PASS_fear = 0.851 PASS_{escape/avoidance}= 0.811 (b) —	(a) — (b) — (c) Criterion related: Concurrent validity r_p PASS_total pain related: disability (PDI) = 0.45*; 0.61; pain interference (IS) = 0.22subjective pain (McGill)_sensory= 0.31; (McGill)_affective= 0.44; (MPI)_{pain severity}= 0.32; pain experience (MPQ)_pain = 0.56; pain severity (PSS) = 0.31; subjective pain (MPI)_interference = 0.39* physical: carrying capacity (CCE) = −0.30; general activity (GAS) = −0.23; lifting capacity (PILE) = −0.30; tranquilizer = 0.29 psychosocial: anxiety (STAI)_trait = 0.60*; 0.54; coping (CSQ)_{catstrophising}= 0.73; depression (BDI) = 0.57; 0.52; pain behaviour (PBC)_{avoidance e} = 0.45; pain behaviour (PBC)_helpseeking = 0.32; symptoms of anxiety (CSAQ)_cognitive= 0.54; symptoms of anxiety (CSAQ)_somatic= 0.61* PASS_somatic pain related: disability (PDI) = 0.39*; 0.51; pain experience (MPQ)_pain= 0.63subjective pain (McGill)_sensory= 0.45; (McGill)_affective= 0.51; (MPI)_{pain severity}= 0.35; (MPI)_interference= 0.28* physical: tranquilizer = 0.25** psychosocial: anxiety (STAI)_trait = 0.52*; coping (CSQ)_{catstrophising} = 0.67; depression (BDI) = 0.51; symptoms of anxiety (CSAQ)_cognitive= 0.49; (CSAQ)_somatic= 0.74**	(a) — (b) —
			PASS_cognitive pain related: disability (PDI) = 0.39*; 0.51; pain experience (MPQ)_pain= 0.43; subjective pain (McGill)_affective= 0.33; (McGill)_sensory= 0.26; subjective pain (MPI)_interference= 0.25; (MPI)_{pain severity}= 0.35* Physical: tranquilizer = 0.27** Psychosocial: anxiety (STAI)_trait = 0.67*; coping (CSQ)_{catstrophising} = 0.67; depression (BDI) = 0.67*; pain behaviour (PBC)_avoidance = 0.33; symptoms of anxiety(CSAQ)_cognitive= 0.61*; (CSAQ)_somatic= 0.55* PASS_fear pain related: disability (PDI) = 0.30*; 0.38; pain experience (MPQ)_pain = 0.44; subjective pain (McGill)_affective= 0.36; (MPI)_interference= 0.31; (MPI)_{pain severity}= 0.28 psychosocial: anxiety (STAI)_trait = 0.53*; depression (BDI) = 0.50^1; coping (CSQ)_{catstrophising} = 0.66; pain behaviour (PBC)_avoidance = 0.39; (PBC)_complaints = 0.39; symptoms of anxiety (CSAQ)_cognitive= 0.53; (CSAQ)_somatic= 0.56** PASS_{escape/avoidance} pain related: disability (PDI) = 0.30*; subjective pain (McGill)_affective= 0.31; (MPI)_interference= 0.36** Psychosocial: anxiety (STAI)_trait = 0.29; coping (CSQ)_{catstrophising} = 0.42; depression (BDI) = 0.30 (d) Prediction: Regression** (1) Dependent: Interference1: β PASS_total(+STAI-T) = 0.28; 0.087; (+MPQ-sensory) = 0.39*; (+Pain severity) = 0.28; (+PSS) = 0.254*; (+BDI) = 0.254* (2) Dependent: Disability: β PASS_total(+BDI) = 0.32; (+STAI-T) = 0.38; (+MPQ-sensory) = 0.44; (+Pain severity) = 0.32* (3) Dependent: General activity: β PASS (+STAI) = 0.087; (+BDI) = 0.057; (+PSS) = 0.054* (4) Dependent: Pain severity (MPQ); β (PASS_{physiological}) = 0.63* (5) Dependent: Disability (PDI); β PASS_{escape/avoidance)} = 0.44 (6) Dependent: Avoidance (PBC); β PASS_{escape/avoidance} = 0.54* (7) Dependent: Complaints (PBC); β PASS_fear = 0.39 (8) Dependent: Help seeking (PBC); β PASS_{escape/avoidance} = 0.30

English or French 20 items Coons et al. [49]	(a) 201 current pain (b) 45% (c) 41.5 (d) 23	(a) α PASS = 0.83 PASS_{fear of pain} = 0.83 PASS_{escape/avoidance} = 0.70 PASS_{physiological symptoms of anxiety} = 0.76 PASS_{cognitive anxiety} = 0.85 (b) —	(a) — (b) Construct validity: Effect size PASS20_fear pain related: disability (MPI) = 0.32; pain severity (MPI) = 0.28 physical: physiological (ASI) = 0.35** psychosocial: cognitive (ASI) = 0.37; public (ASI) = 0.31 Affect (AIMS2) = 0.43; pain sx (AIMS2) = 0.22; Social (AIMS2) = 0.33; Symptoms (ASE) = −0.38; pain (ASE) = −0.45; negative affect (MPI) = 0.44; perceived control (MPI) = −0.34; social support (MPI) = 0.18; Passive coping = 0.73; Active coping = −0.44* PASS20_escape pain related disability (MPI) = 0.36*; pain severity (MPI) = 0.16; pain (ASE) = −0.30; symptoms (ASE) = −0.29 physical physiological (ASI) = 0.23** psychosocial Affect (AIMS2) = 0.26; Role (AIMS2) = 0.20; Social (AIMS2) = 0.24; cognitive (ASI) = 0.28; public (ASI) = 0.26; negative affect (MPI) = 0.22; social support (MPI) = 0.19; Active coping = −0.39; Passive coping = 0.67* PASS20_{physiological} pain related disability (MPI) = 0.27*; pain (ASE) = −0.35; pain severity (MPI) = 0.15; perceived control (MPI) = −0.23; symptoms (ASE) = −0.29 physical physiological (ASI) = 0.33** psychosocial affect (AIMS2) = 0.51; pain sx (AIMS2) = 0.25; role (AIMS2) = 0.29; social (AIMS2) = 0.31; cognitive (ASI) = 0.34; public (ASI) = 0.26; Active coping = −0.28; Passive coping = 0.61; negative affect (MPI) = 0.44** PASS20_cognitive pain related Disability (MPI) = 0.25*; Pain (ASE) = −0.42; pain severity (MPI) = 0.20** Symptoms (ASE) = −0.32* Physical Physiological (ASI) = 0.32** psychosocial affect (AIMS2) = −0.42; cognitive (ASI) = 0.31; public (ASI) = 0.25; negative affect (MPI) = 0.39; perceived control (MPI) = −0.30; Active coping = −0.33Passive coping = 0.69; social (AIMS2) = 0.30 Regression (1) Dependent: Affect; PASS and STAI = 0.332* (2) Dependent: Role function; PASS and STAI = 0.315 (d) —	(a) Effect size r_p 0.68*** (b) —

English Larsen et al. [28]	(a) 259 CP (b) 58% (c) 38.2 (d) 21	(a) — (b) —	(a) — (b) Construct validity: EFA (PCA) 5-factor solution (44%): catastrophic thought; physiological anxiety; escape/avoidance; cognitive interference; coping strategies r_p PASS_{catastrophic thoughts} pain related: pain (MPQ)_{affective scale} = 0.23** psychosocial: anxiety (STAI) = 0.49; depression (BDI) = 0.40 PASS_{physiological anxiety} pain related: pain (MPQ)_{present pain index} = 0.29** physical: analgesic use = −0.18* psychosocial: anxiety (STAI) = 0.35; depression (BDI) = 0.35; pain (MPQ)_{affective scale} = 0.33; (MPQ)_{pain intensity} = 0.30; (MPQ)_{sensory scale} = 0.36*; pain-related change in lifestyle = 0.17; pain-related distress = 0.22** PASS_{escape/avoidance} pain related: Pain (MPQ)_{present pain index} = 0.25; (MPQ)_{pain intensity} = 0.24 physical: analgesic use = −0.25** psychosocial: anxiety (STAI) = 0.30; depression (BDI) = 0.19; pain-related change in lifestyle = 0.38; pain-related distress = 0.25 PASS_{cognitive interference} pain related: pain (MPQ)_{present pain index} = 0.35** physical: analgesic use = −0.33** psychosocial: anxiety (STAI) = 0.50; depression (BDI) = 0.38; pain-related change in lifestyle = 0.25; pain-related distress = 0.21; pain (MPQ)_{affective scale} = 0.17(MPQ)_{pain intensity} = 0.22 PASS_{coping strategies} physical: analgesic use = −0.27** psychosocial: anxiety (STAI) = 0.33; depression (BDI) = 0.20	(a) — (b) —

Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK)

Dutch 12 items Vlaeyen et al. [50]	(a) 129 + 33 CLBP (b) 39% + 48% (c) 40.1 + 37.4 (d) 119 + 91	(a) α TSK₁₇ = 0.77 (17 items) TSK₁₃ = 0.53–0.73 (13 items) (b) — (c) Item total <.40	(a) — (b) Construct validity: PCA: 4 factors (36.2%): harm, fear of (re)injury, importance of exercise, avoidance of activity (c) Criterion-related validity: Concurrent validity: TSK_total: catastrophising (PCS) = 0.54*; fear of blood, injury (FSS) = 0.32 pain impact (PCL-e) = 0.27; pain intensity (MPQ) = 0.21 TSK_harm: catastrophising (PCS) = 0.47*; fear of blood, injury (FSS) = 0.32; pain impact (PCL-e) = 0.23; pain intensity (MPQ) = 0.24 TSK_fear: catastrophising (PCS) = 0.52*, fear of blood, injury (FSS) = 0.37; pain impact (PCL-e) = 0.38*; pain intensity (MPQ) = 0.25 TSK_{Avoidance of activity}: catastrophising (PCS) = 0.35* Regression: Prediction** Dependent: Disability: β TSK_total = 0.44* (d) —	(a) — (b) —

Dutch 13 items Goubert et al. [51]	(a) 277 CLBP+FMS (b) 33.6% (c) 41.33 (d) 97.9 + 116.4	(a) α (1) TSK_total CLBP = 0.80; FMS = 0.82 (2) TSK_{activity avoidance}CLBP = 0.73; FMS = 0.76 (3) TSK_{pathologic somatic focus} CLBP = 0.70; FMS = 0.70 (b) —	(a) — (b) Construct validity: CFA: 2 factors: activity avoidance; pathological somatic focus (c) —	(a) — (b) —

Dutch 11 items Roelofs et al. [52]	(a) 1109 UED + 2825 CP (b) 33% + no info (c) 41.7 + no info (d) no info	(a) α UED TSK₁₁ = 0.77 Chronic pain TSK₁₁ = 0.75–0.80 (b) —	(a) — (b) Construct validity: CFA: 2 factors (11 items): Somatic focus, Activity avoidance (c) Criterion related: Concurrent TSK_SF pain related: functioning (DASH) = 0.23; pain intensity = 0.24 physical: sports (DASH) = 0.18; work (DASH) = 0.31 TSK_AA pain related: functioning (DASH) = 0.32; pain duration = 0.14; pain intensity = 0.19** physical: sports (DASH) = 0.25; work (DASH) = 0.27 Regression: Predictive (1) Dependent: Disability: β TSK_AA= 0.13* (2) Dependent: Disability, work: β TSK_SF = 0.16: β TSK_AA= 0.06 (3) Dependent: Disability, sports: β TSK_AA = 0.18*** (d) —	(a) — (b) —

English 4 items Burwinkle et al. [53]	(a) 233 FMS (b) 0% (c) 43.79 (d) 122.4	(a) α TSK₄ = 0.71 (b) —	(a) — (b) Construct validity: PCA: 1 factor (54.2%) (c) —	(a) — (b) —

English 11 items Woby et al. [54]	(a) 111 + 104 CLBP (b) no info (c) 43.4 + 44.4 (d) 79.2+80.4	(a) α TSK_total = 0.76 TSK₁₁ = 0.79 (b) ICC TSK = 0.82 (c) SEM = 3.16 item-total <.20 (4, 8, 9, 12, 14, 16)	(a) — (b) Construct validity: Correlations between change scores TSK_total: Disability (RDQ) = 0.50**; Pain (VAS) = 0.22 TSK₁₁: Disability (RDQ) = 0.51*; Pain (VAS) = 0.27 (c) Criterion related: Predictive Regression Dependent: change in disability; β TSK_total = 0.39; β TSK₁₁ = 0.38 (d) —	(a) SRM TSK_total = −1.19; TSK₁₁ = −1.11 (b) AUC TSK_total = 0.70; TSK₁₁ = 0.71 (c) Sensitivity TSK_total = 71%; TSK₁₁ = 66% Specificity TSK_total = 63%; TSK₁₁ = 67% TSK_total = 4 pts; TSK₁₁ = 4 pts

English 13 items Clark et al. [55]; French et al. [56]	(a) 167 veterans; 200 CBP + NP (b) 100%; 46% (c) 47.6; 40.0 (d) 180; 16.7	(a) α TSK_total = 0.86; 0.84 TSK_taa = 0.78 TSK_tsf = 0.70 (b) — (c) Item-total = 0.29–0.69	(a) — (b) Construct validity (EFA): 2 factors: activity avoidance, pathological somatic focus 3 factors (c) Criterion-related validity: concurrent pain related: disability (Quebec) = 0.30; pain interference (MVAS) = 0.39; pain intensity (VAS) = 0.23** Psychosocial: anxiety (STAI) = 0.28; catastrophising (PCS) = 0.53; depression (BDI) = 0.34; FABQ_pa = 0.35; FABQ_work = 0.34 Regression (1) Dependent: Pain interference (MVAS); β (TSK) = 0.29* (2) Dependent: Disability (Quebec); β (TSK) = 0.22*** (d) —	(a) — (b) —

Norwegian Damsgård et al. [57]	(a)120 patients: 48 LBP, 72 WP (b)LBP: 42% women, 58% men WP: 58% women, 42% men (c)mean age 42 (SD 10) (d) —	(a) — (b) Reproducibility: Pearson separation reliability = 0.87	(a) — (b) Mean item fit = 0.26 (SD 0.86); Mean person fit = −0.17 (SD 1.15) Targeting: Item distribution −3.2 to 3.2 Pearsons location mean = −0.21 (SD 1.12) Invariance: Item 10 varied for gender Analysis of residual pattern: Unidimensional underlying construct according to binomial test CI for probability 0.05 to 0.13 (c) —	(a) — (b) —

Swedish 17 items Lundberg et al. [7]; Bunketorp et al. [58]	(a) 102 CLBP; 46 WAD (b) 49% (c) 45.3 (d) 66; 1.5–3	(a) αTSK = 0.81 (b) ICC = 0.91 r_p = 0.91* RP = −0.01, CI = (−0.12; 0.14) RC = −0.08, CI = (−0.25; 0.09) RV = 0.21, CI = (0.04; 0.38) Kappa = 0.0 (c) Item-total** <.40	(a) Content validity: Pilot study, Translation, back translation (b) Construct validity: PCA: 5 factors (59%) + known group technique (c) —	(a) — (b) —

Abbreviations in study population: CBP: Chronic back pain, CLBP: Chronic Low Back Pain, CP: Chronic Pain, FMS: Fibromyalgia Syndrome, LBP: Low Back Pain, NP: Neck pain, RA: Rheumatoid Arthritis, UED: Upper Extremity Disorder, WAD: Whiplash Associated Disorder.
Abbreviations in reliability: α: Cronbach’s alpha, ICC: Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, rp: Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient.
Abbreviations in validity: AIMS: Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales, ASE: Arthritis Self-Efficacy scale, ASI: Anxiety Sensitivity Index, BDI: Beck Depression Inventory, CCE: Carrying Capacity Evaluation; CFA: Confirmatory Factor Analysis, CSAQ: Cognitive Somatic Anxiety Questionnaire, CSQ: Coping Strategy Questionnaire, DASH: Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire, EFA: Exploratory Factor Analysis, FCE: Functional Capacity Evaluation, FFbH-R: physical functioning scale (Funktionsfragebogen Hannover-Rücken), FLP: Functional Limitations Profile, FSS: Fear Survey Schedule, GAS: General Activity Scale, HADS: Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, HSCL: Hopkins Symptom Check list, McGill: Mc Gill pain questionnaire, MPI: Multidimensional Pain Inventory, MPQ: Mc Gill pain questionnaire, MSPQ: Modified Somatic Perceptions Questionnaire, NEM: Negative Emotionality Questionnaire, NPQ: Neck Pain Questionnaire, NRS: Numerical Rating Scale, ODQ: Oswestry Disability Questionnaire, PBC: Pain Behaviour Checklist, PCA: Principal Component Analysis, PCL: Pain Cognition List, PCS: Pain Catastrophising Scale, PDI: Pain Disability Index, PRSS-CAT: Pain-Related Self-Statements Scale, Quebec score: The Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale, PSS: Pain Severity Scale, PVAQ: Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire, RDQ; RM: Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire, SF36: Short Form36, STAI: Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventory, VAS: Visual Analogue Scale, ZDI: Zung Depression Inventory.
Abbreviations in responsiveness: AUC: Area Under Curve, SRM: Standardised Response Mean.