Regulation and Directing Stem Cell Fate by Tissue Engineering Functional Microenvironments: Scaffold Physical and Chemical Cues

Table 1

Proposed optimal pore sizes and porosities affecting the fate of stem cell.

Material	Optimal pore size (μm)	Optimal porosity (%)	Target stem cell(s)	Potential application(s)	Reference
β-Tricalcium phosphate	200-600	65	BMMSCs	Osteogenic	[78]
Sintered titanium fiber mesh	250	86	BMMSCs	Osteogenic	[79]
PCL	200		ASCs	Proliferation	[74]
PCL	400		ASCs	Chondrogenic	[74]
Polycaprolactone	370–400	80–97	BMMSCs	Chondrogenic	[11]
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)	120–200	50	ASCs	Hepatogenesis	[80]
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)	50–200		BMMSCs	Myogenic	[81]
Coralline hydroxyapatite	200	75	BMMSCs	Osteogenic	[82]
β-Tricalcium phosphate	400–500	70	BMMSCs	Osteogenic	[83]
ZrO2 ceramic	600	80–89	ASCs	Osteogenic	[84]
Polycaprolactone	100–150		BMMSCs	Chondrogenic	[85]