Bioactive Molecules for Skin Repair and Regeneration: Progress and Perspectives

Table 1

Bioactive molecules for skin repair and regeneration.

(a)

In vitro
Initial cell	Target cell	Bioactive molecules	Reference
Pluripotent stem cells	Reprogramming to keratinocyte	BMP4, RA	[32, 33]
		SU6656	[17, 42]
		Noggin, SB431542, CHIR99021	[43]
Pluripotent stem cells	Reprogramming to endothelial cells	BMP4, Activin A, FGF2, VEGF-A, SB431542	[58, 59]
		CHIR99021	[61–64]
		CHIR99021, VEGF-A, DLL4	[66]
		CHIR99021, FGF2, VEGF, BMP4	[68]
Fibroblasts	Reprogramming to endothelial cells	5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine, trichostatin A, tideglusib	[73]
Pluripotent stem cells	Reprogramming to hair follicle	Epidermal growth factor, RA, BMP4	[83, 84]

(b)

In vivo
Roles of bioactive molecules	Bioactive molecules	Reference
Regulation of the wound microenvironment; Modulation of endogenous stem cell or progenitor cell; Stimulation of somatic cell proliferation or repairing their function	Thymosin 4	[96, 97]
	Plerixafor, G-CSF, BIO5192	[98, 99]
	FTY720	[100]
	3,3-Diindolylmethane	[101]
	Tazarotene	[102]
	Hydroxysafflor yellow A, deferoxamine	[103]
	AES16-2M	[104]
	Lithium chloride	[105]
Reducing fibrosis and treating skin diseases	XAV-939	[106]
	ICG-001	[107]
	SB525334	[108]
	Bacterial cellulose decorated with DAPT-modified gold nanocomposites	[109]
	STA-21	[110]