Antibiofilm Activity of Curcumin and Piperine and Their Synergistic Effects with Antifungals against Candida albicans Clinical Isolates
Table 1
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antifungals and natural substances against C. albicans strains.
Isolates
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC, μg/mL)
Antifungals
Natural substances
AmB
Nys
Clo
Flu
Curcumin
Piperine
ATCC 9002
32 (R)
64 (R)
128 (R)
128 (R)
128 (L)
512 (L)
Ca01
0.25 (S)
1 (S)
1 (I)
1 (S)
16 (M)
128 (L)
Ca02
0.25 (S)
32 (R)
16 (R)
128 (R)
32 (M)
512 (L)
Ca03
2 (I)
16 (R)
32 (R)
128 (R)
32 (M)
32 (M)
Ca04
0.5 (S)
0.5 (S)
16 (R)
0.5 (S)
256 (L)
512 (L)
Ca05
4 (I)
8 (R)
64 (R)
128 (R)
128 (L)
256 (L)
Ca06
64 (R)
64 (R)
16 (R)
—
256 (L)
1024 (N)
Ca07
64 (R)
128 (R)
0.125 (S)
128 (R)
0.125 (Si)
512 (L)
Ca08
1 (S)
4 (R)
8 (R)
—
64 (M)
128 (L)
Ca09
1 (S)
2 (I)
32 (R)
4 (S)
16 (M)
32 (M)
Ca10
64 (R)
64 (R)
4 (R)
64 (R)
128 (M)
128 (L)
Ca11
0.25 (S)
0.5 (S)
32 (R)
8 (S)
256 (L)
32 (M)
Ca12
1 (S)
0.5 (S)
2 (I)
16 (I)
256 (L)
128 (L)
Ca13
64 (R)
128 (R)
2 (I)
128 (R)
16 (M)
128 (L)
Ca14
1 (S)
32 (R)
32 (R)
32 (I)
256 (L)
512 (L)
Ca15
32 (R)
4 (I)
64 (R)
32 (I)
64 (M)
1024 (N)
Ca16
32 (R)
64 (R)
16 (R)
8 (S)
16 (M)
256 (L)
Ca17
—
0.25 (S)
1 (I)
1 (S)
256 (L)
128 (L)
Ca18
32 (R)
32 (R)
64 (R)
64 (R)
128 (L)
256 (L)
Ca19
32 (R)
4 (I)
8 (R)
16 (I)
256 (L)
512 (L)
Ca20
0.125 (S)
1 (S)
16 (R)
2 (S)
8 (Si)
64 (M)
MIC50
32
32
16
64
128
256
MIC90
64
64
32
128
256
512
MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration (μg/mL); AmB: amphotericin B; Nys: nystatin; Clo: clotrimazole; Flu: fluconazole; Cur: curcumin; Pip: piperine; C.a: Candida albicans; ATCC 9002: American Type Culture Collection strain; (—): MIC of antifungals up to 128 μg/mL; R: resistant; I: intermediate; S: susceptible; Si: significant activity; M: moderate activity; L: low activity; N: no activity; MIC50: concentration required to inhibit 50% of isolates; MIC90: concentrations required to inhibit 90% of isolates; the criteria (reference) used to define the activity of natural compounds as significant (Si), moderate (M), or low (L), or no activity (N) were defined as previously described [9].
