Antibiofilm Activity of Curcumin and Piperine and Their Synergistic Effects with Antifungals against Candida albicans Clinical Isolates

Table 2

Antibiofilm activities of natural substances and antifungals against Candida albicans.

Isolates		Antifungals				Natural substances
		AmB	Nys	Clo	Flu	Curcumin	Piperine
ATCC 9002	MBIC	1024	512	64	512	128	1024
	MBEC	—	—	—	1024	512	—
	R	nd	nd	nd	2	4	nd
Ca02	MBIC	128	128	128	256	256	1024
	MBEC	128	256	256	256	—	512
	R	1	2	2	1	nd	0.5
Ca03	MBIC	16	32	64	64	64	128
	MBEC	256	256	512	256	256	2048
	R	16	8	8	4	4	16
Ca10	MBIC	32	16	128	128	256	256
	MBEC	256	256	256	—	512	512
	R	8	16	2	nd	2	2
Ca13	MBIC	16	16	64	64	1024	128
	MBEC	256	256	256	—	—	512
	R	16	16	4	nd	nd	4
Ca14	MBIC	16	16	16	128	256	256
	MBEC	128	128	256	256	256	256
	R	8	8	16	2	1	1
Ca16	MBIC	16	64	8	16	128	128
	MBEC	128	64	256	256	256	256
	R	8	1	32	16	2	2

MBIC: minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (μg/mL); MBEC: minimum eradicated concentration (μg/mL); AmB: amphotericin B; Nys: nystatin; Clo: clotrimazole; Flu: fluconazole; Cur: curcumin; Pip: piperine; C.a: Candida albicans; ATCC: American Type Culture Collection strain; (—): MBEC up to 128 μg/mL for antifungals and up to 2048 μg/mL for natural substances; R: MBEC/MBIC ratio; nd: not determined.