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| Individual influences | Feelings of anger, fear, rage, resentment, and frustration |
| Feelings of hopelessness, as if there is “nothing to live for” |
| Lack of problem solving, conflict resolution, and communication skills necessary to cope with strong emotions |
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| Interpersonal influences | Cycle of violence within and over generations |
| Homes as unsafe places |
| Lack of proper parental guidance, boundaries, and supervision |
| Neglect, abandonment, or betrayal within family |
| Verbal disagreements with peers about disrespect, gossip, or other issues that escalate into violence |
| Feeling of needing to “fight back” in order to avoid being perceived as weak |
| Gangs and drug dealers provide “brotherhood” or “acceptance” that cannot be found elsewhere |
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| Neighborhood influences | Social environment affecting perception of what is possible |
| Lack of resources and programs |
| Lack of safe places in neighborhood, including schools |
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| Societal influences | Lack of education and jobs and poverty |
| Economic disadvantage, racial segregation, and justice |
| Culture of violence as reflected in the media, TV, and music |
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