Species Study type Shed Author Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos ,Sturnus vulgaris Laboratory inoculation Negative fecal samples, concluded no shedding occurs Butler et al. [34 ] Pigeon Columba livia Laboratory inoculation Positive fecal samples for at least 60 days after inoculation Fitzgerald et al. [36 ] Mallard ducksAnas platyrhynchos Laboratory inoculation Negative fecal samples, concluded no shedding occurs Fitzgerald et al. [35 ] Brushtail possumTrichosurus vulpecula Laboratory inoculation of wild caught individuals Transmission between infected brushtail possum and controls was noted with gross lesion distribution consistent with aerosol transmission Corner et al. [16 ] Virginia opossumDidelphis virginianus Laboratory oral inoculation 1 Virginia opossum fecal culture tested positive after 1 day after inoculation and another on day 31 after inoculation Diegel et al. [37 ] Virginia opossumDidelphis virginianus Laboratory aerosol inoculation of wild caught individuals Only 1 of 12 Virginia opossum had a positive fecal sample during the 90 study Fitzgerald et al. [38 ] Vole Microtus pennsylvanicus ,Mus musculus ,Rattus norvegicus Laboratory inoculation Positive samples of fecal cultures from the Meadow vole only Clarke et al. [40 ] European badgerMeles meles Samples from free-ranging groups Positive samples from urine, feces, and bite wounds Chambers et al. [42 ] European badgerMeles meles Samples from free-ranging animals Positive samples from sputum, urine, feces, and bite wounds Clifton-Hadley et al. [2 ] European badgerMeles meles Necropsies of animals found dead Concluded that M. bovis could be shed via sputum, urine, and feces
Clifton-Hadley (cited in Gallagher et al. [90 ] European badgerMeles meles Laboratory inoculation Positive samples from urine and found in feces for 165–1305 days Little et al. [41 ] Feral ferret Mustela furo Examination of captured free-ranging individuals Oral cavity was the most common site of excretion of M. bovis ; further positive samples of shedding came from tracheobronchial, urine, feces, and mammary gland samples Lugton et al. [43 ] Raccoon Procyon lotor Inoculated individuals with single oral doses of M. bovis (ranging from 30 to
1
.
7
×
1
0
5
cfu, five daily oral doses (ranging from 10 to
1
×
1
0
5
cfu), or a single intravenous dose of
1
×
1
0
5
cfu Low doses of M. bovis in saliva or nasal secretions but no shedding in urine or feces Palmer et al. [39 ] Coyote Canis latrans Samples from free-ranging individuals that tested M. bovis Authors concluded that shedding was minimal based on negative culture samples from oral, nasal, and feces samples Berentsen et al. [45 ] Red deer Cervus elaphus Samples from free-ranging individuals Low shedding in feces and in nasal, pharyngeal, and tracheal swabs but no shedding in urine Lugton et al. [46 ] Marsh deerBlastocerus dichotomus Esophageal-pharyngeal fluids from 53 free-ranging individuals Concluded no shedding through this route Luna et al. 2003 [47 ] Domestic cattleBos taurus Inoculation (low dose, 104 cfu; high dose 106 cfu; intranasal and intratracheal inoculation) of calves in a laboratory setting Nasal shedding was detected in 21 of 24 animals, but no calves given a low-dose shed McCorry et al. [50 ] White-tailed deerOdocoileus virginianus Laboratory inoculation of mature female white-tailed deer with intratonsilar instillation of
2
×
1
0
3
(low dose) or
2
×
1
0
5
(high dose) cfu of M. bovis. Authors conclude that the results indicated that M. bovis persists in tonsilar crypts for prolonged periods and can be shed in saliva and nasal secretions Palmer et al. [48 ] White-tailed deerOdocoileus virginianus Laboratory inoculation and co-mingling Positive at 63 (nasal swab), 90 (oral), and 113 (rectal) days post inoculation; positive at 69 (oral and nasal) days post co-mingling with inoculated; positive sample in feed on day 63 and 150 post inoculation, positive sample on hay on day 90 and 210 days post inoculation Palmer et al. [49 ]
