Yoga as an Adjunct for Management of Opioid Dependence Syndrome: A Nine-Month Follow-Up Case Report

Table 1

Changes in clinical and biological variables at baseline and on subsequent follow-up with add-on yoga therapy to conventional care.

S. no.	Variable	Baseline	15 days	3 months	9 months
1	Buprenorphine dosage (mg)	18	24	6	0
2	HAM A	21	6	4	2
3	HAM D	20	4	3	0
4	COWS	16	4	2	3
5	Fagerstrom test	8	NA	4	6
6	Sexual dysfunction (SDQ)	69	NA	51	34
7	Sleep latency (min)	60	10	10	30
8	Hours of sleep (hrs)	5	8	8	8
9	Pain VAS	8	3	3	0
10	Craving VAS	10	2	0	0
11	Constipation VAS	5	2	0	0
12	Restlessness VAS	10	5	1	0
13	Appetite VAS	4	6	6	10
14	CGI-S	4	2	2	1
15	CGI-I	0	2	2	1
16	YPA	16	28	30	28
17	Urine screening for opioids	Positive	NA	Negative	Negative
18	Plasma beta-endorphin levels (pmol/L)	2.02	2.15	NA	6.51

HAM A: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HAM D: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; COWS: Clinical Opioid Withdrawal Scale; SDQ: Sexual Dysfunction Questionnaire; VAS: visual analogue scale; CGI-S: Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness; CGI-I: Clinical Global Impressions-Global Improvement; YPA: yoga performance assessment scale; NA: not applicable/not available.