Enhancement of Executive Functions but Not Memory by Multidomain Group Cognitive Training in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 2

Exploratory analysis of training effects for noncognitive outcomes for both groups at the pre- and posttest.

	Cognitive training (n = 33)		Physical activity (n = 31)		ITT −  value (time x group)		PP −  value (time x group)
	Pretest	Posttest	Pretest	Posttest
Activities of daily living
Bayer ADL^b	2.81 ± 2.10^2	3.65 ± 4.34^2	2.90 ± 2.03^4	2.87 ± 1.67^4	0.266	0.021	0.949	0.000
Self-reported physical activity
PASE^a	126.65 ± 72.91^1	149.74 ± 89.20^1	119.37 ± 62.62^3	116.96 ± 67.16^3	0.103	0.042	0.104	0.050
Depression
BDI-II^b	9.12 ± 5.54^1	9.30 ± 5.82^1	8.23 ± 4.44^3	9.32 ± 5.38^3	0.393	0.012	0.380	0.014
Quality of life
PDQ-39^b	36.78 ± 19.57^2	35.72 ± 22.89^2	35.00 ± 22.29^3	34.39 ± 21.19^3	0.873	0.000	0.848	0.001
Self-experienced deficits of attention					0.662	0.026	0.907	0.010
FEDA subscore I^a	48.39 ± 8.70^1	47.24 ± 13.77^1	48.32 ± 11.79^3	48.03 ± 12.44^3	0.659	0.003	0.571	0.006
FEDA subscore II^a	27.52 ± 6.63^1	28.45 ± 7.22^1	27.63 ± 6.43^4	27.57 ± 6.56^4	0.461	0.009	0.859	0.001
FEDA subscore III^a	22.88 ± 4.10^1	22.79 ± 4.99^1	23.43 ± 4.15^4	23.90 ± 3.87^4	0.500	0.008	0.967	0.000
Motor scores
UPDRS-III^b	26.52 ± 13.88^1	26.58 ± 12.34^1	26.65 ± 13.41^3	28.03 ± 14.42^3	0.502	0.007	0.510	0.007
UPDRS-IV^b	1.27 ± 2.30^1	0.82 ± 1.83^1	1.77 ± 2.67^3	1.90 ± 2.96^3	0.163	0.031	0.604	0.005
FOG^b	8.24 ± 6.00^1	9.91 ± 7.62^1	5.97 ± 4.01^3	7.13 ± 6.17^3	0.712	0.002	0.965	0.000

The references of the neuropsychological and clinical assessments are obtainable from the authors upon request; data are indicated as mean standardized z-scores (if available) or raw scores and standard deviations. ADL, activities of daily living; FEDA, self-perceived deficits in attention; FOG, Freezing of Gait Questionnaire; ITT, intention-to-treat analysis; PASE, Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; PP, per-protocol analysis; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale. ^aHigher values indicate better performance; ^blower scores indicate better performance; ¹n = 33; ²n = 32; ³n = 31; ⁴n = 30.