|
| Author(s), reference | Country, geographic region | Setting, study design, study period | Population characteristics | Diagnostic criteria used | Summary findings | Study limitations |
|
| Okubadejo et al. [42] | Nigeria, South-Western | Hospital,
case-control | PD cases: 33
Males: 25 (75.8%)
Females: 8 (24.2%)
Age at study [mean ± SD (range)]: 63.2 ± 10.2 (39–80) y
Age at onset [mean ± SD]: 60.6 ± 10.3 y | Presence of at least three of the following: tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural or gait abnormality | Parasympathetic dysfunction occurs in PD, majority of which is symptomatic.
Age >65 is associated with parasympathetic dysfunction in PD | 1. Single-centre study
2. Small sample size
3. Risk of referral bias as study site is a tertiary facility. |
|
| Alasia et al. [36] | Nigeria, Southern | Hospital,
case report | PD case: 1
Males: 1 (100%)
Age at study: 71 y | | Toxic (septic) parkinsonism may be induced by gram negative septicaemia | 1. Small sample size.
2. Causative bacteria not stated. |
|
| Akinyemi et al. [37] | Nigeria, South-Western | Hospital,
case-control,
Jul.–Dec. 2005 | PD cases: 51
Males: 37 (72.6%)
Females: 14 (27.4%)
Age at study [mean ± SD (range)]: 65.1 ± 9.2 (42–85) y
Age at onset [mean ± SD (range)]: 60.9 ± 8.4 (41–80) y | UK Parkinson’s disease society brain bank clinical diagnostic criteria. | Cognitive dysfunction is associated with old age, late PD onset, and higher disease severity
Late PD onset is an independent predictor of cognitive dysfunction. | 1. Single-centre study
2. Small sample size
3. Risk of referral bias as study site is a tertiary facility
4. All subjects had rest tremors, which may constitute a selection bias as akinetic-predominant PD subjects may suffer from worse cognitive impairment than tremor-predominant |
|
| Ojo et al. [22] | Nigeria, South-Western | Hospital,
case-control,
Mar.–Sept. 2006 | PD cases: 40
Males: 32 (80%)
Females: 8 (20%)
Age at study [mean ± SD]: 65.8 ± 9.8 y | UK Parkinson’s disease society brain bank clinical diagnostic criteria. | Hyperhomocysteinaemia is common in PD patients with prolonged use of LD but has no relationship with disease severity or disability | 1. Small sample size.
2. Long-term follow-up of the different variables was not done.
3. Risk of information bias as patient’s self-reported compliance and dosages used.
4. Other causes of hyperhomocysteinaemia were not evaluated |
|
| Ojo et al. [23] | Nigeria, South-Western | Hospital,
case-control,
Jan.–Sept. 2006 | PD cases: 40
Males: 32 (80%)
Females: 8 (20%)
Age at study [mean ± SD]: 65.8 ± 9.8 y | UK Parkinson’s disease society brain bank clinical diagnostic criteria. | Cognitive impairment and depression in PD are related to disability and worsening disease severity. | 1. Small sample size.
2. Risk of referral bias as study site is a tertiary facility. |
| Barichella et al. [27] | Ghana. multiregional | Hospital, case-control | PD cases: 55
37 (67.3%) males
18 (32.7%) females
Age at study [mean ± SD]: 65.8 ± 10.5 y | UK Parkinson’s disease society brain bank clinical diagnostic criteria. | Daily intake of protein in Ghanaian patients with PD positively influences their response to LD treatment | 1. Small sample size |
|
| Ojagbemi [26] | Nigeria, South-Western | Hospital, comparative | PD cases: 50
Males: 28 (56%)
Females: 22 (44%)
Age at study [mean ± SD]: 64.3 ± 9.7 y
Age at onset [mean ± SD]: 62.1 ± 10.2 y | UK Parkinson’s disease society brain bank clinical diagnostic criteria. | Hallucinations and agitations differentiate PD patients with cognitive dysfunction from those with normal cognition. | 1. Small sample size
2. Single-centre study
3. Possibility of misclassification of SP as PD
4. Risk of information bias as caregivers who reported patients’ symptoms may have exaggerated or understated symptoms. |
|
| Ojagbemi et al. [28] | Nigeria, South-Western | Hospital, case-control, Jul.–Dec. 2009 | PD cases: 50
Males: 28 (56%)
Females: 22 (44%)
Age at study [mean ± SD]: 65.4 ± 9.4 y
Age at onset [mean ± SD]: 62.1 ± 10.2 y | UK Parkinson’s disease society brain bank clinical diagnostic criteria. | Neuropsychiatric symptoms occur frequently in PD | 1. Risk of information bias as caregivers who reported patients’ symptoms may have exaggerated or understated symptoms.
2. Possibility of misclassification of SP as PD
3. Risk of referral bias as study site is a tertiary facility.
4. Drug treatment may have increased risk of neuropsychiatric symptoms in PD patients than controls |
|
| Okunoye and Asekomeh [30] | Nigeria, Southern | Hospital,
case-control,
Jun.–Nov. 2009 | PD cases: 36
Males: 27 (75%)
Females: 9 (25%)
Age at study [mean ± SD]: 64.3 ± 10.9 y | UK Parkinson’s disease society brain bank clinical diagnostic criteria. | Depression may be common among patients with PD | 1. Small sample size
2. Single-centre study |
| Cilia et al. [32] | Ghana, multiregional | Hospital, case-control, 2008–2012 | PKS cases: 101
Primary atypical PKS cases: 2
2°PKS cases: 8
PD cases: 91
Males: 58 (63.7%)
Females: 33 (36.3%)
Male-female ratio = 1.8 : 1
Age at PKS onset [mean ± SD (range)]: 60.6 ± 11.3 (27–91) y | Presence of at least three of the following: tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural or gait abnormality | Nineteen (19) PD patients had a positive family history.
Motor fluctuations and dyskinesias are not associated with the duration of LD therapy, but rather with longer disease duration and higher LD daily dose | 1. Control group had different genetic and environmental background.
2. Access to medications between the study and control groups complicated the study design.
3. Risk of inclusion bias as the study was a hospital-based trial. |
|
| Okunoye [33] | Nigeria, Southern | Hospital, descriptive, Jun.–Nov. 2009 | PD cases: 36
Males: 27 (75%)
Females: 9 (25%) | UK Parkinson’s disease society brain bank clinical diagnostic criteria. | Nonmotor symptoms occur in PD | 1. Small sample size
2. Single-centre study |
|
| Okunoye et al. [35] | Nigeria, Southern | Hospital, case-control | PD cases: 36
Males: 27 (75%)
Females: 9 (25%)
Age at study [mean ± SD]: 64.3 ± 10.9 y
Age at onset [mean ± SD (range)]: 60.8 ± 10.5 (39–80) y
Age at onset [mean ± SD (range)]: 60.8 ± 10.5 (39–80) y. | UK Parkinson’s disease society brain bank clinical diagnostic criteria. | Patients with PD have much poorer generic and specific health related quality of life in comparison to their healthy counterparts | 1. Small sample size
2. Single-centre study
3. Questionnaire lacked items on self-image, night time sleep problems, sexual activity, and finances which were major concerns for patients. |
|
| Owolabi et al. [34] | Nigeria, North-Western | Hospital,
case-control | PD cases: 80
Age at study [mean ± SD (range)]: 61.1 ± 8.5 y | UK Parkinson’s disease society brain bank clinical diagnostic criteria. | Significant features of gastrointestinal dysfunction in PD include constipation, sialorrhea, dysphagia, difficult mastication, and choking. | 1. Risk of referral bias as study site is a tertiary facility. |
| Maiga et al. [16] | Senegal | Hospital, descriptive, Apr.–Jun. 2014 | PD cases: 35
Males: 21 (60%)
Females: 4 (40%)
Age at study [mean ± SD (range)]: 65.7 ± 7.4 (48–79) y
Age at onset [mean ± SD (range)]: 63 ± 7.89 (46–77) y | UK Parkinson’s disease society brain bank clinical diagnostic criteria. | Major alteration of sleep quality occurs in PD. | 1. Scales used were available in the local language; thus, they were probably not adapted to the sociocultural context of Senegalese populations. |
|
| Owolabi et al. [14] | Nigeria, North-Western | Hospital,
case-control | PD cases: 78
Males: 60 (76.9%)
Females: 18 (23.1%)
Age at study [mean ± SD]: 62.32 ± 8.67 y | UK Parkinson’s disease society brain bank clinical diagnostic criteria. | Pulmonary function is reduced in PD | 1. Pulmonary function parameters that are conventionally used to evaluate respiratory muscle strength were not employed |
|
| Ekpe [20] | Nigeria, South-Eastern | Hospital,
case report | PD case: 1
Males: 1 (100%)
Age at study: 72 y | | Severe vomiting and diarrhoea could be symptoms of PD | 1. Small sample size |
|
| Maïga et al. [21] | Mali | Hospital, descriptive, Jan.–Nov. 2013 | PD cases: 60
Males: 41 (68.3%)
Females: 19 (31.7%)
Age at study [mean (range)]: 66.5 4 (25–94) y | UK Parkinson’s disease society brain bank clinical diagnostic criteria. | Nonmotor symptoms of PD include sensitive disorders, dysautonomia, psychobehavioral disorders, and sleep disorders | 1. Lack of complete patient data. |
|
