Review Article
Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass: Current Findings Determine Research Priorities
Table 5
Elemental ash composition of different biomass.
| Sample | SiO2 | CaO | K2O | P2O5 |
Al2O3 | MgO | Fe2O3 | SO3 | Na2O | TiO2 |
| Wood and woody biomass | Eucalyptus bark | 10.04 | 57.74 | 9.29 | 2.35 | 3.1 | 10.91 | 1.12 | 3.47 | 1.86 | 0.12 | Poplar bark | 1.86 | 77.31 | 8.93 | 2.48 | 0.62 | 2.36 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 4.84 | 0.12 | Willow | 6.1 | 46.09 | 23.4 | 13.01 | 1.96 | 4.03 | 0.74 | 3 | 1.61 | 0.06 | Wood residue | 53.15 | 11.66 | 4.85 | 1.37 | 12.64 | 3.06 | 6.24 | 1.99 | 4.47 | 0.57 |
| Herbaceous and agriculture biomass | Bamboo whole | 9.92 | 4.46 | 53.38 | 20.33 | 0.67 | 6.57 | 0.67 | 3.68 | 0.31 | 0.01 | Miscanthus | 56.42 | 10.77 | 19.75 | 5.54 | 0.79 | 3.01 | 0.94 | 2.28 | 0.47 | 0.03 | Sorghum grass | 73.21 | 7.02 | 8.97 | 4.43 | 1.83 | 2.21 | 0.95 | 1.11 | 0.25 | 0.02 | Sweet sorghum | 66.85 | 10.41 | 4.49 | 3.47 | 0.81 | 3.12 | 0.58 | 3.47 | 1.47 | 0.06 | Switchgrass | 66.25 | 10.21 | 9.64 | 3.92 | 2.22 | 4.71 | 1.36 | 0.83 | 0.58 | 0.28 | Wheat straw | 50.35 | 8.21 | 24.89 | 3.54 | 1.54 | 2.74 | 0.88 | 4.24 | 3.52 | 0.09 | Rice husks | 94.48 | 0.97 | 2.29 | 0.54 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.22 | 0.92 | 0.16 | 0.02 | Sugar cane bagasse | 46.79 | 4.91 | 6.95 | 3.87 | 14.6 | 4.56 | 11.12 | 3.57 | 1.61 | 2.02 | Sunflower husks | 23.66 | 15.31 | 28.53 | 7.13 | 8.75 | 7.33 | 4.27 | 4.07 | 0.8 | 0.15 |
| Other biomass varieties | Chicken litter | 5.77 | 56.85 | 12.19 | 15.4 | 1.01 | 4.11 | 0.45 | 3.59 | 0.6 | 0.03 | Mixed waste paper | 28.62 | 7.63 | 0.16 | 0.2 | 53.53 | 2.4 | 0.82 | 1.73 | 0.54 | 4.37 | Refuse-derived fuel | 38.67 | 26.81 | 0.23 | 0.77 | 14.54 | 6.45 | 6.26 | 3.01 | 1.36 | 1.9 | Sewage sludge | 33.28 | 13.04 | 1.6 | 15.88 | 12.91 | 2.49 | 15.7 | 2.05 | 2.25 | 0.8 | Wood yard waste | 60.1 | 23.92 | 2.98 | 1.98 | 3.08 | 2.17 | 1.98 | 2.46 | 1.01 | 0.32 |
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