This paper uses the labor queue theory to examine the changing influence of race on the employment status and earnings of African
                   immigrant men in the United States between 1980 and 2008. The results show that the white advantage echoed in previous research has diminished. 
                   Black African immigrant men's chance of being employed is now greater than that of their white counterparts when their sociodemographic 
                   characteristics are taken into consideration. However, when human capital factors are included in the regression models, white African immigrant men 
                   still maintain a significant advantage in earnings. This study also uncovered differential impacts of marriage and school enrollment on white and black 
                   African immigrant men's employment and earnings. These results challenge the use of labor queue theory as a framework for explaining 
                   immigrants' experience in the US job market.

Yanyi K. Djamba

Sitawa R. Kimuna

The Influence of Race on Employment Status and Earnings of African Immigrant Men in the United States

This paper examines and compares U.S. poverty rates on two levels, with data obtained from the decennial censuses of 1960 through 2000. First, rates of poverty for five demographic groups are contrasted <i>within</i> each of the three most populous metropolises of the nation&#8212;Chicago, Los Angeles/Long Beach, and New York. Second, rates for each demographic group are contrasted <i>among</i> the three metropolises. The statistical evidence reveals both large differences among the individual demographic groups and also in the trends among the three most populous American cities.

Robert G. Mogull

A Contrast of  U.S.  Metropolitan Demographic Poverty: Chicago, Los Angeles,  and  New York

We examine the influence of urbanization on household structure, social networks, and health in Thailand. We compare lifetime urban or rural dwellers and those who were rural as children and urban as adults. Data derived from a large national cohort of 71,516 Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University adult students participating in an on-going longitudinal study of the health-risk transition in Thailand. The rural-urban group, one-third of cohort households, was significantly different from other groups (e.g., smaller households). The rural-rural and the urban-urban groups often were the two extremes. Urbanization, after adjusting for covariates, was a risk factor for poor overall health and depression. Urbanization is a mediator of the health-risk transition underway in Thailand. Health programs and policies directed at transitional health outcomes should focus on the health risks of the urbanizing population, in particular smoking, drinking, low social trust, and poor psychological health.

Vasoontara Yiengprugsawan

Bruce K. Caldwell

Lynette L.-Y. Lim

Sam-ang Seubsman

Adrian C. Sleigh

Lifecourse Urbanization, Social Demography, and Health Outcomes among a National Cohort of 71,516 Adults in Thailand

This paper undertakes a new strategy to estimate emigration rates among US immigrants by inferring the probability of emigration using longitudinal administrative earnings data. Two groups of emigrants are evaluated separately: those who emigrate from the United States and those who leave both the United States and the Social Security system. About 1.0 to 1.5 percent of the foreign-born population emigrate from the USA every year, and between about 0.8 and 1.2 percent of foreign-born workers emigrate from the Social Security system. Regression analysis suggests that immigrants with lower earnings are more likely to emigrate and that the likelihood of emigrating from the United States increases with age, but is unchanged for those leaving the US Social Security system.

Jonathan A. Schwabish

Identifying Rates of Emigration in the United States Using Administrative Earnings Records

Undocumented migration is a (inferior) substitute to documented migration. Hence, policies affecting documented migration also affect undocumented migration. This paper explores this relationship from a theoretical perspective. The implications of this exploration are that lax enforcement of visa rules and national borders, combined with a very long waiting line (small annual quotas) for immigrant visas, can make illegal immigration a preferred option over legal immigration or, more generally, that for policy purposes all types of migrations should be regarded as interdependent. Therefore, policies aimed solely at, say, undocumented immigration will generally be less effective than an integrated policy approach.

Peter V. Schaeffer

Mulugeta S. Kahsai

A Theoretical Note on the Relationship between Documented and Undocumented Migration

We combine data from the Latin American Migration Project and the Mexican Migration Project to estimate models predicting the likelihood of taking of first and later trips to the United States from five nations: Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Peru. The models test specific hypotheses about the effects of social capital on international migration and how these effects vary with respect to contextual factors. Our findings confirm the ubiquity of migrant networks and the universality of social capital effects throughout Latin America. They also reveal how the sizes of these effects are not uniform across settings. Social capital operates more powerfully on first as opposed to later trips and interacts with the cost of migration. In addition, effects are somewhat different when considering individual social capital (measuring strong ties) and community social capital (measuring weak ties). On first trips, the effect of strong ties in promoting migration increases with distance whereas the effect of weak ties decreases with distance. On later trips, the direction of effects for both individual and community social capital is negative for long distances but positive for short distances.

Douglas S. Massey

Mar&#237;a Aysa-Lastra

Social Capital and International Migration from Latin America

The article analyzes the process by which Romanian immigrants to the Autonomous Community of Madrid (Spain) return to their country. Starting with the empirical reality and the theoretical focuses on human mobility as a form of transnationalism, the article emphasises on the characteristics which distinguish the Romanian collective from other collectives of immigrants living in Spain; circular migration that creates work networks. The paper reflects how the intensive mobility contributes to a process that is continuous and partial&#x2014;hardly ever final. The first part of the article presents the phases of Romanian migration to the Autonomous Community of Madrid. It then delves into the process by which Romanians return to their country of origin, while detailing those factors that influence their decision. The conclusions point towards a renewal of studies on mobility within the framework of the European Union that links the border dynamic with the migration process.

Silvia Marcu

Romanian Migration to the Community of Madrid (Spain): Patterns of Mobility and Return

Population growth (or decline) is influenced by many factors that fall into the broad realms of demographic characteristics, socioeconomic conditions, transportation infrastructure, natural amenities, and land use and development across space and time. This paper adopts an integrated spatial regression approach to investigate the spatial and temporal variations of these factors&#39; effects on population change. Specifically, we conduct the analysis at the minor civil division level in Wisconsin, USA, from 1970 to 2000. The results suggest that the factors have varying effects on population change over time and across rural, suburban, and urban areas. Their effects depend upon the general trend of population redistribution processes, local dynamics, and areal characteristics. Overall, a systematic examination of population change should consider a variety of factors, temporal and spatial variation of their effects, and spatial spillover effects. The examination should have the flexibility to identify and incorporate influential factors at a given point in time and space, not to adhere to a single set of drivers in all circumstances. The findings have important implications for population predictions used for local and regional planning.

Guangqing Chi

Stephen J. Ventura

Population Change and Its Driving Factors in Rural,  Suburban, and Urban Areas of Wisconsin, USA, 1970&#8211;2000

This paper studies the connection between health&#x2014;especially life expectancy&#x2014;and unemployment in Hungary. Unemployment and health are recognised as being linked, though the relationship is complex. Unemployment happens to many people mainly in the period of crisis and can be a stressful and depressing time of life. On the one hand, the general state of health of the Hungarian people is worse than justified by the level of economic development. On the other hand, the role of the present economic crisis is to be predicted in the future run of health condition. Moreover, it would probably result health deterioration for those social groups who are most affected by unemployment and poverty. 
The study consists of two major structural parts. The theoretical part provides an insight to the specific literature, while the empirical chapter examines the link between socioeconomic indicators, unemployment, and life chances with correlation and regression calculations.

Annam&#225;ria Uzzoli

The Role of Unemployment in the Run of Life Chances in Hungary

A positive image of elderly people is found to be contributive to successful ageing. This paper reports a study that aims at revising and validating Image of Ageing Scale in a modern Chinese context and finding out how socio-demographic factors have impacted the latter's perception of the image of ageing. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the five-factor model suggested from exploratory factor analysis which produced good psychometric properties. Based on the two-cluster solution from the two-step cluster analysis on the image of ageing, results of both the Chi-square and the one-way ANOVA tests confirmed that age, residence location, marital status, working status, living arrangement, neighborhood relationships, illness and daily activity were significant predictors of elders' image of ageing. Logistic results further indicated that some predictors were not statistically significant in the multivariate analysis, whilst being urban, lonely, suffering from severe chronic illnesses, and showing little interests in daily activities, were identified as potent factors resulting in a negative image of ageing. Other than suggesting the Revised Chinese Version of the Image of Ageing Scale (IAS-C) could be used in a Chinese society, our findings also led to a number of recommendations to promoting a positive image among the Chinese elderly.

Nelson Chow

Xue Bai

The Effects of Sociodemographic Characteristics on Chinese Elders&#39; Perception of the Image of Ageing

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International Journal of Population Research - Table of contents 2011

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International Journal of Population Research