Stroke Rehabilitation in Frail Elderly with the Robotic Training Device ACRE: A Randomized Controlled Trial and Cost-Effectiveness Study
Table 1
Patient characteristics at baseline.
Variable
ACRE training group
Control group
n
mean (SD) or %
n
mean (SD) or %
Demographics
Age (years)
10
73.4 (8.0)
14
76.5 (8.3)
Sex (female (%))
10
30.0
14
35.7
Right handed (%)
10
80.0
14
100.0
Barthel Indexa
9
8.7 (4.4)
13
8.9 (6.0)
Characteristics of the stroke
First stroke (%)
10
70.0
14
78.6
Ischemic cerebral vascular accident(%)
10
100.0
14
92.9
Consequences of the stroke
Affected part of the brain
10
14
Right hemisphere (%)
70.0
64.3
Left hemisphere (%)
30.0
35.7
Stroke-affected dominant arm (%)
10
30.0
14
35.7
Legs affected
10
14
Left leg affected (%)
70.0
57.1
Right leg affected (%)
30.0
35.7
Legs not affected (%)
0.0
7.1
Swallow disorder (%)
10
30.0
14
64.3
Phatic disorder (%)
10
20.0
14
35.7
Neglect (%)
10
20.0
14
7.1
Apraxia (%)
10
0.0
14
28.6
Planning (%)
10
30.0
14
28.6
Attention (%)
10
30.0
14
21.4
Other neurological disorder (%)
10
57.2
14
50.0
Motor function
b
ARAT total score 19 items [0–57]
10
31.2 (27.0)
14
15.9 (14.6)
ARAT total score 15 items [0–45]
10
25.3 (21.6)
14
14.9 (13.3)
Fugl-Meyer total score [0–66]
10
40.7 (21.4)
14
37.2 (19.4)
Stroke impact score (SIS)
b
Strength [4–20]
9
11.0 (3.5)
13
11.5 (2.8)
Memory and thinking [7–35]
9
29.9 (6.7)
13
28.7 (3.4)
Emotion [9–45]
9
37.5 (5.5)
13
35.8 (5.8)
Communication [7–35]
9
32.7 (4.5)
13
31.1 (4.6)
Daily Activities (ADL) [10–50]
9
28.7 (7.2)
13
27.4 (8.3)
Mobility [9–45]
9
17.1 (4.1)
13
23.2 (10.2)
Hand function [5–45]
9
8.3 (2.9)
13
7.5 (3.5)
Participation [8–40]
9
32.2 (6.2)
13
28.4 (7.5)
Stoke recovery [0–100]
9
48.3 (26.5)
13
43.4 (27.7)
Quality of Life
b
EQ-5D [−0.33–1]
9
0.57 (0.25)
13
0.67 (0.19)
General health status [0–100]
9
59.6 (29.9)
13
61.9 (20.5)
Depression
b
Geriatric Depression Scale total score [0–15]
8
3.8 (2.6)
13
3.3 (2.5)
Note. None of the differences between groups were statistically significant ().
aBarthel Index is a standard assessment of the impact of an impairment on daily functioning (ADL).
bThese assessments were part of the measurements of the effect study. Range is given between square brackets: .