| | Parameter | Group | Season | P value | | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter |
| | Age (year) | N/A | 58.3 ± 16.0 | 56.4 ± 16.5 | 57.6 ± 16.2 | 58.4 ± 16.0 | <0.001 | | Sex, n (%) | Men | 4,800 (59.1) | 6,474 (59.9) | 6,483 (59.6) | 3,414 (59.7) | 0.7 | | Women | 3,316 (40.9) | 4,333 (40.1) | 4,402 (40.4) | 2,306 (40.3) | — | | Hospital, n (%) | Ren Ji | 7,492 (92.3) | 10,382 (96.1) | 9,564 (87.9) | 4,940 (86.4) | <0.001 | | Xin Hua | 624 (7.7) | 425 (3.9) | 1,321 (12.1) | 780 (13.6) | — | | BMI (kg/m2) | N/A | 25.1 ± 2.6 | 23.2 ± 2.5 | 20.9 ± 2.9 | 26.4 ± 4.6 | <0.001 | | FBG (mmol/L) | N/A | 6.0 ± 2.3 | 5.8 ± 2.2 | 6.0 ± 2.5 | 6.2 ± 2.5 | <0.001 | | TC (mmol/L) | N/A | 4.6 ± 1.4 | 4.5 ± 1.4 | 4.5 ± 1.3 | 4.6 ± 1.4 | <0.001 | | TG (mmol/L) | N/A | 1.36 (0.96, 1.98) | 1.4 (0.99, 2.07) | 1.38 (0.97, 2.0) | 1.35 (0.95, 1.94) | <0.001 | | Albumin (g/L) | N/A | 39.6 ± 6.0 | 40.1 ± 6.0 | 40.4 ± 5.8 | 39.9 ± 5.9 | <0.001 | | Prealbumin (mg/L) | N/A | 236.7 ± 68.5 | 239.7 ± 66.0 | 235.7 ± 64.1 | 232.9 ± 63.8 | <0.001 | | ALT (U/L) | N/A | 17 (12, 25) | 16 (11, 25) | 17 (12, 26) | 17 (12, 26) | <0.001 | | AST (U/L) | N/A | 18 (15, 24) | 18 (15, 25) | 19 (15, 26) | 19 (16, 26) | <0.001 | | AKP (U/L) | N/A | 74 (61, 91) | 74 (61, 91) | 74 (61, 90) | 74 (61, 91) | 0.45 | | GGT (IU/L) | N/A | 22 (15, 35) | 22 (15, 36) | 23 (16, 37) | 23 (15, 37) | <0.001 | | TBIL (mmol/L) | N/A | 9.4 (6.8, 12.9) | 9.4 (6.8, 13.1) | 9.8 (7.1, 13.5) | 9.4 (6.8, 12.9) | <0.001 | | DBIL (mmol/L) | N/A | 3.0 (2.1, 4.2) | 3.1 (2.2, 4.3) | 3.1 (2.1, 4.3) | 2.8 (2.0, 3.9) | <0.001 | | eGFR-EPI (mL/min/1.73 m2) | N/A | 95.7 (74.4, 109.6) | 96.7 (72.8, 111.7) | 96.2 (74.2, 110.3) | 96.2 (75.9, 109.9) | 0.07 | | CRP (mg/L) | N/A | 0.9 (0.5, 3.4) | 0.9 (0.5, 3.7) | 1.0 (0.5, 3.9) | 1.0 (0.5, 3.6) | <0.001 | | WBC (109/L) | N/A | 6.0 (4.9, 7.4) | 6.0 (4.9, 7.3) | 6.1 (5.0, 7.5) | 6.0 (4.9, 7.4) | <0.001 | | Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | N/A | 2.2 (1.6, 2.7) | 2.2 (1.8, 2.7) | 2.2 (1.5, 3.4) | 2.1 (1.4, 2.6) | <0.001 | | 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | N/A | 14.2 (10.0, 19.4) | 17.3 (12.5, 22.5) | 17.8 (12.9, 23.2) | 13.7 (9.7, 18.9) | <0.001 | | CCI (point) | N/A | 1 (0, 2) | 1 (0, 2) | 1 (0, 2) | 1 (0, 2) | <0.001 | | Diet intake, n (%) | <500 kcal/day | 423 (5.3) | 511 (4.7) | 408 (3.8) | 283 (5.0) | 0.03 | | 500–1,000 kcal/day | 273 (3.4) | 371 (3.4) | 432 (4.0) | 219 (3.8) | — | | ≥1,000 kcal/day | 7,416 (91.4) | 9,925 (91.8) | 10,045 (92.3) | 5,218 (91.2) | — |
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Notes: BMI, body mass index; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; ALT, alanine transferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; AKP, alkaline phosphatase; GGT, gamma glutamyl-transferase; TBIL, total bilirubin; DBIL, direct bilirubin; eGFR-EPI, estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated by Chronic Kidney disease epidemiology collaboration equation; CRP, C reactive protein; WBC, white blood cell count; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index. CCI was determined without information on HIV infection or AIDS. If continuous data were in abnormal distribution, data were shown as median and quartile range. Categorical data were shown as numbers and proportions.
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