The Association between Serum Level of Vitamin D and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Hospitalized Adult Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Real-World Data

Zhang, Xiaomin; Chen, Zhiqi; Xiang, Yi; Zhou, Yiquan; Tang, Molian; Cai, Jun; Xu, Xinyi; Cui, Hongyuan; Feng, Yi; Xu, Renying

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8360538

Mediators of Inflammation

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Supplementary Materials References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2024 | Article ID 8360538 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8360538

The Association between Serum Level of Vitamin D and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Hospitalized Adult Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Real-World Data

Xiaomin Zhang,¹Zhiqi Chen,¹Yi Xiang,²Yiquan Zhou,¹Molian Tang,¹Jun Cai,³Xinyi Xu,⁴Hongyuan Cui,⁵Yi Feng,²and Renying Xu^1,6

Academic Editor: Vinod K. Mishra

Received01 Oct 2023

Revised16 Feb 2024

Accepted11 Mar 2024

Published21 Mar 2024

Abstract

Objective. The association between vitamin D status and inflammation remains unclear in hospitalized patients. Materials and Methods. We performed the current study based on real-world data from two teaching hospitals. Serum level of vitamin D (assessed by 25-hydroxyvitamin D) was evaluated within 2 days after admission. All the patients were further classified into three groups: deficiency (<12 ng/mL), insufficiency (12–20 ng/mL), and adequate (≥20 ng/mL). White blood cell (WBC) count, serum level of C-reactive protein (CRP), and procalcitonin were also measured and used to evaluate inflammation. Other potential covariates were abstracted from medical records. Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) was calculated to assess the severity of disease. Results. A total number of 35,528 hospitalized adult patients (21,171 men and 14,357 women) were included. The average age and BMI were 57.5 ± 16.2 years and 23.4 ± 3.7 kg/m², respectively, while medium vitamin D level was 16.1 ng/mL (interquartile range: 11.4 ng/mL, 21.6 ng/mL) and median CCI was one point (interquartile range: 0 point, two points). The prevalence of deficiency and insufficiency was 28.0% and 40.5%. Multivariate linear regression model showed that serum level of vitamin D was significantly associated with WBC and CRP but not associated with procalcitonin. Each standard deviation (≈7.4 ng/mL) increase in vitamin D was associated with a decrease in WBC by 0.13 × 10⁹/mL (95% CI: 0.2 × 10⁹/mL, 0.06 × 10⁹/mL) and 0.62 mg/L (95% CI: 0.88 mg/L, 0.37 mg/L) for CRP. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis (excluding those whose eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m², those whose daily calorie intake <1,000 kcal, and those who were recruited from Xin Hua hospital) generated similar results. Conclusions. The deficiency and insufficiency of vitamin D in the hospitalized adult patients was very common. However, the results should be interpreted with caution for limited representation of the whole inpatients. Low level of vitamin D was associated with inflammatory biomarkers, which provide the evidences to early intervention for lower the risk of infection.

1. Introduction

Since vitamin D was first discovered by McCollum et al. [1], many efforts have been put into elucidating the role of vitamin D in maintaining human health. Besides its main role in calcium metabolism and bone health, vitamin D is believed to be involved in immune regulation [2], development of type 2 diabetes [3], and cardiovascular disease [4], cell differentiation [5], and even reproduction [6].

The deficiency and insufficiency of vitamin D are very common in community population. The 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey found that 5% of the population were confirmed with deficiency (<12 ng/mL) and 18% of whom were with insufficiency (12–19 ng/mL) [7]. Although endogenous production of vitamin D is mainly produced by human skin after sunlight exposure and thus individuals lived in high latitude areas are in high risk of vitamin D deficiency, persons lived in Abu Dhabi Emirates [8] and Bangladesh [9] (the area with enough sun exposure) were also confirmed with high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency.

The prevalence of vitamin D was reported in hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel diseases [10], autoimmune diseases [11], and cancer [12]; however, limited studies were performed on patients from general wards. A retrospective study including 8,861 Swiss patients reported a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency: 51% of population were vitamin D deficient with levels <20 ng/mL, including 1,860 (21.0%) with levels <10 ng/mL [13]. Another small sample size (n = 384) study reported that the prevalence of vitamin D was 73.6% based on the criteria of less than 30 ng/mL [14]. Further, the association between vitamin D and inflammation was controversary. A cross-sectional study reported that vitamin D was associated with surgical site [15] and bloodstream infection [16] while not associated with hepatic inflammation [17] in patients with chronic hepatitis C and not associated with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with HIV [18]. Another meta-analysis including observational studies reported that participants with vitamin D deficiency were in high risk of developing sepsis compared to controls [19]. Using procalcitonin as an inflammatory biomarker also generated inconsistent results [20–22].

Therefore, we performed the current retrospective studies based on real-world data to evaluate the association between vitamin D and inflammation, which was evaluated by three biomarkers (CRP, white blood cell (WBC), and procalcitonin).

2. Materials and Methods

This study is a retrospective, cross-sectional study based on real-world data. All the potential participants were recruited from Ren Ji (January 1, 2018 to October 31, 2022) and Xin Hua Hospital (January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2021). Participants recruited from Ren Ji Hospital were younger, with lower proportion of women, higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), higher procalcitonin, lower CRP, lower number of WBC, and lower level of vitamin D, compared with those from Xin Hua Hospital (Table S1). We performed a sequential process of sample recruitment. First, we excluded those with missing data on sex (n = 3), height (n = 4,997), body weight (n = 234), and 25(OH)D (n = 2). Then, we excluded those whose serum level of vitamin D was measured 2 days after admission (n = 2,273), and those extreme values (serum level of vitamin D < 1^th percentile or >99^th percentile, n = 448). Finally, 35,528 adult hospitalized patients (21,171 men and 14,357 women) aged 57.5 ± 16.2 years were included (details are shown in Figure 1). The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of Ren Ji (No. LY-2022-057-B) and Xin Hua Hospital (No. XHEC-C-2023-014-1). As a retrospective study, patients’ written consent was waived by the same Ethical Committee mentioned above.

2.1. Clinical Information

Clinical information was abstracted from medical records. CCI was used to assess the severity of diseases [23]. In brief, height and body weight were measured by trained nurses at hospital admission. Venous blood samples were drawn within 2 days after hospital admission and transfused into vacuum tubes containing EDTA in the morning after patients were fasted for at least 8 hr. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), albumin, total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TG), alanine transferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), gamma glutamyl-transferase (GGT), total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent method. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR-EPI) was calculated by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation [24]. All the blood samples were analyzed in the Clinical Laboratory Center of Ren Ji and Xin Hua Hospital. The same instruments and methods were used in both hospitals to assess biochemical parameters. Demographical information (age and sex), primary disease for hospital admission, history of chronic disease, and admission date were also abstracted. Dietary intake was assessed based on medical orders. If it differed between the 2 days after the admission, the last one was used.

The abnormal of liver enzymes were defined if one of the following was greater than twofold of upper limit based on laboratory recommendations: ALT ≥ 120, AST ≥ 150, AKP ≥ 250, and GGT ≥ 100 U/L [25]. Cholestasis was also determined if TBIL (≥34.2 μmol/L) or DBIL (≥13.6 μmol/L) was greater than twofold of upper limit [25]. Dyslipidemia was diagnosed if TC ≥ 5.72 mmol/L or TG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L [26].

2.2. Exposure and Outcome

In our hospital, we recommended those with inadequate sun exposure (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus), limited oral intake, impaired intestinal absorption, or with clinical signs of vitamin D deficiency, to measure serum level of vitamin D. Serum level of vitamin D was the exposure in the current study. We assessed serum level of vitamin D by measuring serum level of levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (1 nmol/L = 2.5 μg/L = 2.5 ng/mL) through an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The intra- and inter-CV were 2.2% and 3.4%, respectively. The lower limit of detection was 3.0 ng/mL while it is 70.0 ng/mL for the high limit of detection. All the patients were classified into three groups based on serum level of 25(OH)D as follows: deficiency (<12.0 ng/mL), insufficiency (12.0–20.0 ng/mL), and adequate (≥20.0 ng/mL) [27]. We used three inflammatory biomarkers, including WBC, CRP, and procalcitonin, to assess inflammatory status. Usually, WBC and CRP were biomarkers for systemic inflammation while procalcitonin was the one for bacterial infection [28, 29]. The three inflammatory biomarkers were treated as outcomes. WBC was analyzed by an automatic hematology analyzer (XN-10, Sysmex, Japan). Serum level of CRP was measured by immunoturbidimetric method (PA990 analyzer, Lifotronic Technology, Shenzhen, China). Serum level of procalcitonin was measured by electrochemical luminescence method (Cobas e411 analyzer, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). The lower limit of detection was 0.5 mg/L for CRP and 0.01 mg/L for procalcitonin measurement.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

In the descriptive statistics, continuous variables were presented as average and standard deviations (SDs), if it is in normal distribution, while medium and interquartile ranges were in abnormal distribution. Categorical variables were shown as proportion.

We used the general linear model analysis to evaluate the association between serum vitamin D and three inflammatory biomarkers (WBC, CRP, and procalcitonin), group differences were tested by multiple ANOVA. We adjusted potential covariates in different models: model 1, adjusting for age (years) and sex (men vs. women); model 2, adjusting for sex (men vs. women), age (year), hospital (Ren Ji vs. Xin Hua), season (spring, summer, autumn, or winter), BMI (<18.5, 18.5–23.9, or ≥24.0 kg/m²), anemia (yes vs. no), albumin (<35.0 vs. ≥35.0 g/L), FBG (<6.0 vs. ≥6.0 mmol/L), serum level of liver enzymes (normal vs. abnormal), cholestasis (yes vs. no), eGFR-EPI (<60.0 vs. ≥60.0 mL/min/1.73 m²), dyslipidemia (yes vs. no), CCI (0, 1–2, or ≥3 points), and dietary intake (<500, 500–1,000, or ≥1,000 kcal/day).

Likelihood-ratio tests were conducted to examine statistical interactions between sex, and age, in relation to the conversion by comparing −2 log likelihood χ² between nested models with and without the cross-product variables. Subgroup analyses were performed regardless of the statistical significance of interaction. We further performed three sensitivity analyses (excluding those whose eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² [30], whose daily calorie intake <1,000 kcal [31], and who were recruited from Xin Hua Hospital) to test the robustness of main analysis. A P-values < 0.05 was considered significant, and the analysis of the data was carried out using SAS software (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA).

3. Results

A total number of 35,528 adult hospitalized patients (21,171 men and 14,357 women) aged 57.5 ± 16.2 years were included in the study. The average age and BMI and medium CCI were 57.5 ± 16.2 years, 23.4 ± 3.7 kg/m², one point (interquartile range: 0 point, two points), respectively. The main reason for hospital admission was gastrointestinal diseases (55.2%), then followed by neurological diseases (16.6%), hematological diseases (10.1%), and malnutrition and electrocyte disorders (7.2%) (Table S2). Serum level of vitamin D was associated with all the clinical parameters except for daily dietary intake (Table 1).

The medium vitamin D level was 16.1 ng/mL (interquartile range: 11.4, 21.6 ng/mL). Serum level of vitamin D was obviously higher in patients admitted in summer and autumn than those who were admitted in spring and winter (Table 2). Interestingly, age, BMI, FBG, liver and renal function, and lipid profile differed obviously among different seasons (Table 2).

The prevalence of deficiency and insufficiency was 28.0% (n = 9,955) and 40.5% (n = 14,394) in the current study population. Multivariate linear regression model showed that serum level of vitamin D was significantly associated with WBC and CRP, in fully adjusted model. Serum level of vitamin D was associated with procalcitonin after adjustment of sex and age; however, the association lost significance in further adjustment of other covariates. Each standard deviation (≈7.4 ng/mL) increase in vitamin D was associated with a decrease in WBC by 0.13 × 10⁹/mL (95% CI: 0.2 × 10⁹/mL, 0.06 × 10⁹/mL) and 0.62 mg/L (95% CI: 0.88, 0.37 mg/L) for CRP (Table 3). Generally, subgroup analysis (stratified by sex and age) and sensitivity analysis (excluding those whose eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m², whose daily calorie intake <1,000 kcal, and who were recruited from Xin Hua Hospital) generated similar results (Tables S3 and S4).

4. Discussion

In the current retrospective study based on real-world data, we found that the proportion was 65.8% for those participants whose serum level of vitamin D was less than 20 ng/mL. The results could provide some evidences to the situation of vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency, but over-representation needs to be avoided because the sample size (n = 35,528) only represented a very small proportion of the whole hospital patients (about 7% during the recruitment period). Further, vitamin D was associated with CRP and WBC, but not procalcitonin, after adjustment of age, sex, season, hospital, CCI, and other covariates.

A retrospective study including 8,861 Swiss patients reported a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency: 51% of population were vitamin D deficient with levels <20 ng/mL, including 1,860 (21.0%) with levels <10 ng/mL [13]. Another small sample size (n = 384) study reported that the prevalence of vitamin D was 73.6% based on the criteria of less than 30 ng/mL [14]. Together with our study, the estimated prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency was over half of hospitalized patients, regardless of the differences in criteria, study population, and ethnicity.

Numerous studies have reported a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with COVID-19 and its association with clinical outcomes [32, 33]; however, whether vitamin D was associated with inflammation was still unclear. We found that serum level of vitamin D was associated with two inflammatory biomarkers: with the increase in serum level of vitamin D, the significant decrease in WBC and CRP was confirmed even after adjustment of age, sex, season, and severity of disease (assessed by CCI). A retrospective study including 23,603 adult patients whose serum level of vitamin D was measured before admission reported patients whose serum level of vitamin D was less than 15 ng/mL were in high risk of blood infection (adjusted OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.57) [16]. However, about 51.8% (12,224/23,603) of vitamin D measurement was performed 90 days or more before admission [16]. Another case-control study reported that patients whose serum level of vitamin D was less than 10 ng/mL were associated with IL-6 (interleukin-6) by 4.6% but not associated with high-sensitivity CRP [18]. In a single-center retrospective study including 655 critically care patients, although mortality differed significantly between patients with and without vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency, serum vitamin D level was not associated with CRP [20]. The possible explanation was that high-sensitivity CRP might be a good indicator for chronic diseases, but not suitable for acute disease. Another meta-analysis reported that patients with vitamin D deficiency were at high risk of developing sepsis compared to controls [19]. The consistent results could be confirmed in observational studies, but not in RCT data [34]. The mechanism of anti-inflammation of vitamin D could be explained by the inhibition the translocation of NFκB to nucleus, thus reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines [2]. We did not find the association between vitamin D and procalcitonin, which was also supported by other studies [20, 21]. Another observational study reported that vitamin D level at admission was associated with procalcitonin; however, the interval time between vitamin D measurement and procalcitonin measurement was not reported; further, the association was analyzed by simple correlation and did not take potential covariates into consideration [22].

Sex, age, season (summer and autumn vs. spring and winter), severity of disease, and liver and renal function contributed to the deficiency of vitamin D (data were not shown). Further, the association between vitamin D and inflammation seemed stronger in men and in those aged 65 years or less, compared to their counterparts.

The strength of the current study included a larger sample size based on real-world data and deliberately taking a series of potential covariates (e.g., season and severity of disease) into consideration. However, there were also some limitations. First, we did not know the change in vitamin D and whether this change could lead to a decrease in inflammatory biomarkers. Further, we also did not know if the change in inflammation could result significant improvement in clinical outcomes such as hospital duration and mortality was not evaluated. Second, we used 25(OH)D, but not the active form of vitamin D (cholecalciferol), to evaluated vitamin D status. However, because half-life time of cholecalciferol was short (4–15 hr) and instrument used to evaluate cholecalciferol was expensive, 25(OH)D was widely used [7, 16, 35]. Third, we did not collect the information on vitamin D supplements, which might interaction with the association between vitamin D and inflammation. Finally, as a retrospective study, causal association could not be generated. Although many observational studies reported the association between vitamin D and inflammation; however, supplement of vitamin D did not generate consistent results in community population [36] and hospitalized patients [37, 38]. Further, vitamin D was assessed in those with high risk of vitamin D deficiency, thus we could not exclude the possible selection bias and the generalizability was limited. As a retrospective study, information on the use of corticosteroids was deficient, which might have effects on both serum level of vitamin D and inflammatory biomarkers [39, 40]. A well-designed prospective study with these information is needed to duplicate our results.

5. Conclusions

The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was over 50% in hospitalized patients. Further, serum level of vitamin D was associated with inflammation. Our results support the recommendation that measurement of vitamin D in those with high risk (such as systemic lupus erythematosus and inflammatory bowel disease) might be helpful to early diagnosis and intervention, thus reducing the risk of infection.

Data Availability

The data and SAS code are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author (Renying Xu: [email protected]).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.

Authors’ Contributions

Xiaomin Zhang and Zhiqi Chen obtained the data, analyzed the data, drafted the paper, and shared the first authorship. Yi Xiang, Yiquan Zhou, and Molian Tang obtained and analyzed the data. Xinyi Xu analyzed the data. Jun Cai and Hongyuan Cui designed the study. Yi Feng and Renying Xu designed the study and approved the paper. Hongyuan Cui, Yi Feng, and Renying Xu shared the correspondence authorship.

Supplementary Materials

The comparison between different hospitals, the primary disease for hospital admission, and the results for subgroup and sensitivity analysis, were shown in Supplementary files. (Supplementary Materials)

References

E. V. McCollum, W. Pitz, N. Simmonds, J. E. Becker, P. G. Shipley, and R. W. Bunting, “The effect of additions of fluorine to the diet of the rat on the quality of the teeth. 1925. Studies on experimental rickets. XXI. An experimental demonstration of the existence of a vitamin which promotes calcium deposition. 1922. The effect of additions of fluorine to the diet of the rat on the quality of the teeth. 1925,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 277, no. 19, Article ID E8, 2002.
View at: Google Scholar
D. D. Bikle, “Vitamin D regulation of immune function,” Current Osteoporosis Reports, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 186–193, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. G. Pittas, T. Kawahara, R. Jorde et al., “Vitamin D and risk for type 2 diabetes in people with prediabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data from 3 randomized clinical trials,” Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 176, no. 3, pp. 355–363, 2023.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Latic and R. G. Erben, “Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease, with emphasis on hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 21, no. 18, Article ID 6483, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Carlberg and E. Velleuer, “Vitamin D and the risk for cancer: a molecular analysis,” Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 196, Article ID 114735, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Pilz, A. Zittermann, R. Obeid et al., “The role of vitamin D in fertility and during pregnancy and lactation: a review of clinical data,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 15, no. 10, Article ID 2241, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. A. Herrick, R. J. Storandt, J. Afful et al., “Vitamin D status in the United States, 2011–2014,” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 110, no. 1, pp. 150–157, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. A. R. Al Zarooni, F. I. Al Marzouqi, S. H. Al Darmaki, E. A. M. Prinsloo, and N. Nagelkerke, “Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and associated comorbidities among Abu Dhabi Emirates population,” BMC Research Notes, vol. 12, no. 1, Article ID 503, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Z. Islam, N. H. Bhuiyan, M. Akhtaruzzaman, C. L. Allardt, and M. Fogelholm, “Vitamin D deficiency in Bangladesh: a review of prevalence, causes and recommendations for mitigation,” Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 167–180, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Q. Zhou, R. Y. Xu, and Y. P. Wan, “The role of dietary factors in inflammatory bowel diseases: new perspectives,” Journal of Digestive Diseases, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 11–17, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Murdaca, A. Tonacci, S. Negrini et al., “Emerging role of vitamin D in autoimmune diseases: an update on evidence and therapeutic implications,” Autoimmunity Reviews, vol. 18, no. 9, Article ID 102350, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Alkan and E. B. Koksoy, “Vitamin D deficiency in cancer patients and predictors for screening (D-ONC study),” Current Problems in Cancer, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 421–428, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Benhamou, C. Schindler, and J. Rutishauser, “Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in an inpatient population in the Swiss Canton of Basel-Country,” Swiss Medical Weekly, vol. 151, no. 910, Article ID w20470, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. K. Rai, B. Shrestha, J. Sapkota, and J. K. Das, “Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adult patients in a tertiary care hospital,” Journal of Nepal Medical Association, vol. 57, no. 218, pp. 226–228, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. G. Abdehgah, A. Monshizadeh, M. M. Tehrani et al., “Relationship between preoperative 25-hydroxy vitamin D and surgical site infection,” Journal of Surgical Research, vol. 245, pp. 338–343, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Lange, A. A. Litonjua, F. K. Gibbons, E. Giovannucci, and K. B. Christopher, “Pre-hospital vitamin D concentration, mortality, and bloodstream infection in a hospitalized patient population,” The American Journal of Medicine, vol. 126, no. 7, pp. 640. e19–640.e27, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Ren, M. Liu, J. Zhao et al., “Serum vitamin D(3) does not correlate with liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C,” World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 21, no. 39, pp. 11152–11159, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Shepherd, J.-C. Souberbielle, J.-P. Bastard et al., “Prognostic value of vitamin D level for all-cause mortality, and association with inflammatory markers, in HIV-infected persons,” Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 210, no. 2, pp. 234–243, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Upala, A. Sanguankeo, and N. Permpalung, “Significant association between vitamin D deficiency and sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” BMC Anesthesiology, vol. 15, no. 1, Article ID 84, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Amrein, P. Zajic, C. Schnedl et al., “Vitamin D status and its association with season, hospital and sepsis mortality in critical illness,” Critical Care, vol. 18, no. 2, Article ID R47, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Kostoglou-Athanassiou, E. Pantazi, S. Kontogiannis, D. Kousouris, I. Mavropoulos, and P. Athanassiou, “Vitamin D in acutely ill patients,” Journal of International Medical Research, vol. 46, no. 10, pp. 4246–4257, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Chen, Z. Luo, X. Zhao et al., “Association of vitamin D status of septic patients in intensive care units with altered procalcitonin levels and mortality,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 516–523, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Wessman, T. Ruge, A. C. Carlsson, P. Wandell, A. Khoshnood, and O. Melander, “Relationships between Charlson comorbidity index associated biomarkers and outcomes among participants in the Malmo diet and cancer study,” Biomarkers, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 722–730, 2023.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Kong, Y. Ma, J. Chen et al., “Evaluation of the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate in the Chinese population,” Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 641–651, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. Cai, D. Huang, H. Yu et al., “COVID-19: abnormal liver function tests,” Journal of Hepatology, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 566–574, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Yang, Y.-P. Wan, Z.-P. Fan, X. Gao, A.-L. Jiang, and R.-Y. Xu, “Metabolically healthy obesity is associated with longitudinal changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in Chinese adults,” Eating and Weight Disorders —Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 263–272, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. F. Holick, N. C. Binkley, H. A. Bischoff-Ferrari et al., “Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 96, no. 7, pp. 1911–1930, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Lehnert, D. Sonntag, A. Konnopka, S. Riedel-Heller, and H.-H. König, “Economic costs of overweight and obesity,” Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 105–115, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. C. Rast, A. Kutz, S. Felder et al., “Procalcitonin improves the Glasgow Prognostic Score for outcome prediction in emergency patients with cancer: a cohort study,” Disease Markers, vol. 2015, Article ID 795801, 9 pages, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W.-C. Liu, C.-M. Zheng, C.-L. Lu et al., “Vitamin D and immune function in chronic kidney disease,” Clinica Chimica Acta, vol. 450, pp. 135–144, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Watkins, E. Freeborn, and S. Mushtaq, “A validated FFQ to determine dietary intake of vitamin D,” Public Health Nutrition, vol. 24, no. 13, pp. 4001–4006, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. L. Hernández, D. Nan, M. Fernandez-Ayala et al., “Vitamin D status in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 106, no. 3, pp. e1343–e1353, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. P. Bilezikian, N. Binkley, H. F. De Luca et al., “Consensus and controversial aspects of vitamin D and COVID-19,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 108, no. 5, pp. 1034–1042, 2023.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Grädel, M. Merker, B. Mueller, and P. Schuetz, “Screening and treatment of vitamin D deficiency on hospital admission: is there a benefit for medical inpatients?” The American Journal of Medicine, vol. 129, no. 1, pp. 116.e1–116.e34, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Cipriani, E. Romagnoli, J. Pepe et al., “Long-term bioavailability after a single oral or intramuscular administration of 600,000 IU of ergocalciferol or cholecalciferol: implications for treatment and prophylaxis,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 98, no. 7, pp. 2709–2715, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. de la Guía-Galipienso, M. D. Martínez-Ferran, N. Vallecillo, C. J. Lavie, F. Sanchis-Gomar, and H. Pareja-Galeano, “Vitamin D and cardiovascular health,” Clinical Nutrition, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 2946–2957, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Ganmaa, B. Uyanga, X. Zhou et al., “Vitamin D supplements for prevention of tuberculosis infection and disease,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 383, no. 4, pp. 359–368, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. R. Martineau, D. A. Jolliffe, R. L. Hooper et al., “Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data,” BMJ, vol. 356, Article ID i6583, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W.-J. Li, X.-L. Wang, Y.-R. Chu, J.-X. Wang, and S.-Q. Xu, “Association of sarcopenia and vitamin D deficiency with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in Chinese patients with rheumatoid arthritis,” Clinical Rheumatology, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 15–22, 2024.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Saint-Antoine IBD Network, H. Sokol, C. Landman et al., “Fecal microbiota transplantation to maintain remission in Crohn’s disease: a pilot randomized controlled study,” Microbiome, vol. 8, no. 1, Article ID 12, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2024 Xiaomin Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

127

Downloads

120

Citations