In this paper, a state of the art on computer simulation and prediction of wear in mechanical components is reviewed. Past and recent developments as well as approaches employed in the simulation and prediction of wear are reviewed. In particular, the wear models, contact analysis schemes, and wear evolution prediction procedures as well as their application to the mechanical components (including cam-follower, gears, bearings, and cylinder/piston/piston ring wear) are reviewed. Recommendations and suggestions on possible directions for further research studies are also presented.

Saad M. S. Mukras

Computer Simulation/Prediction of Wear in Mechanical Components

The aim of the present research is to characterize both experimentally and numerically journal bearings with low radial clearances for rotors in small-scale applications (e.g., microgas turbines); their diameter is in the order of ten millimetres, leading to very small dimensional clearances when the typical relative ones (order of 1/1000) are employed; investigating this particular class of journal bearings under static and dynamic loading conditions represents something unexplored. To this goal, a suitable test rig was designed and the performance of its bearings was investigated under steady load. For the sake of comparison, numerical simulations of the lubrication were also performed by means of a simplified model. The original test rig adopted is a commercial rotor kit (RK), but substantial modifications were carried out in order to allow significant measurements. Indeed, the relative radial clearance of RK4 RK bearings is about 2/100, while it is around 1/1000 in industrial bearings. Therefore, the same original RK bearings are employed in this new test rig, but a new shaft was designed to reduce their original clearance. The new custom shaft allows to study bearing behaviour for different clearances, since it is equipped with interchangeable journals. Experimental data obtained by this test rig are then compared with further results of more sophisticated simulations. They were carried out by means of an in-house developed finite element (FEM) code, suitable for thermoelasto-hydrodynamic (TEHD) analysis of journal bearings both in static and dynamic conditions. In this paper, bearing static performances are studied to assess the reliability of the experimental journal location predictions by comparing them with the ones coming from already validated numerical codes. Such comparisons are presented both for large and small clearance bearings of original and modified RKs, respectively. Good agreement is found only for the modified RK equipped with small clearance bearings (relative radial clearance 8/1000), as expected. In comparison with two-dimensional lubrication analysis, three-dimensional simulation improves prediction of journal location and correlation with experimental results.

Carlo Alberto Niccolini Marmont Du Haut Champ

Fabrizio Stefani

Paolo Silvestri

Experimental and Numerical Investigation about Small Clearance Journal Bearings under Static Load Conditions

This study introduces chaulmoogra oil as a base stock for lubricant formulation. The tribological properties of chaulmoogra oil are evaluated by quantitative structure-property relation (QSPR) technique using the molecular modelling package Spartan 18. The quantum chemical calculations were performed on a typical molecule of chaulmoogra oil and its constituent fatty acids. The orbital energy gap of the constituent fatty acids in chaulmoogra oil is 7.37&#x2009;eV and that of chaulmoogra oil molecule is 6.8&#x2009;eV, which is less than that of the lauric acid, the main constituent of coconut oil (7.78&#x2009;eV). Orbital energy gap predicts a better tribological performance for chaulmoogra oil, and the four ball test result is in agreement with this prediction. Oxidative property of chaulmoogra oil is tested by isothermal thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA) and compared with different oils. Weight gain in oxygen is only 0.02&#x0025; for chaulmoogra oil and showed better oxidative stability among all other tested oils.

S. Salaji

N. H. Jayadas

Experimental and Molecular Level Analysis of the Tribological and Oxidative Properties of Chaulmoogra Oil

Early detection of angular contact bearings, one of the important subsets of rolling element bearings (REBs), is critical for applications of high accuracy and high speed performance. In this study, acoustic emission (AE) method was applied to an experimental case with defects on angular contact bearing. AE signals were collected by AE sensors in different operating conditions. Signal to noise ratio (SNR) was calculated by kurtosis to entropy ratio (KER), then acquired signals were denoised by empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method, and optimal intrinsic mode function (IMF) was selected by the proposed method. Finally, envelope spectrum was applied to the denoised signals, and frequencies of defects were obtained in different rotating speeds, loadings, and defect sizes. For the first time, a small defect with width of 0.3&#x2009;mm and loading of 475&#x2009;N was detected in early stage of 0.04&#x2009;KHz. Moreover, a comparison between theoretical and extracted defect frequencies suggested that our method successfully detected localized defects in both inner and outer race. Our results show promise in detecting small size defects in REBs.

Ramtin Tabatabaei

Aref Aasi

Seyed Mohammad Jafari

Experimental Investigation of the Diagnosis of Angular Contact Ball Bearings Using Acoustic Emission Method and Empirical Mode Decomposition

The objective of this work is to study the tribological behavior of the contacting surfaces of SKD11 grade hardened cold work tool steel against grade SUS304BA austenitic stainless steel. DLC, CrN, TiN, and TiCN films were coated on the surface of the tool material to test the tribological performance. Simulation testing with a pin-on-disk was used in this study. The study was done under dry conditions with sliding velocities at 50, 100, and 150&#x2009;mm/s and contact pressures of 807, 1095, and 1280&#x2009;MPa. The results show that the main problem is the adhesion of the workpiece material on the tool surface. The severity of the adhesion from the workpiece material is proportional to the sliding velocity and the contact pressure between the contacting surfaces. The coefficient of friction between the contacting surfaces has a positive relationship with the adhesion occurring on the tool surface. The hardness of the film coating is useful for preventing wear of the tool material, especially under high pressure between the contacting surfaces. However, it does not prevent the adhesion of workpiece material of low sliding velocity and low contact pressure conditions. Noncoated SKD11 tool steel has better effectiveness of adhesion performance than CrN, TiN, and TiCN film coatings.

Natchanun Angsuseranee

Bhadpiroon Watcharasresomroeng

Pracha Bunyawanichkul

Siradej Chartniyom

Tribological Behavior of Tool Steel Substrate and Solid Films against 304 BA Austenitic Stainless Steel under Dry Sliding

Advanced composites are the materials of the new generation. Hence, the focus of the study is to determine the tribological properties of the eutectic Al-Si alloy reinforced with (2, 4, 6, 8, and10 wt. &#x0025;) of n-Al2O3 against chrome-plated steel ball under dry sliding conditions. The novelty of this work is the fabrication of the composite sample with this elemental composition, which is not done before. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) nonconventional fabrication method is used to fabricate advanced composite samples. Friction coefficient (COF) and wear rate of the composite samples were studied under high load, varying from 50&#x2009;N to 300&#x2009;N, using the ball-on-disc tribometer configuration, with other parameters such as stroke, frequency, sliding distance, and sliding velocity remaining constant at 2&#x2009;mm, 30&#x2009;Hz, 120&#x2009;meter, and 0.120&#x2009;m/s, respectively. Reduction in wear volume for the advanced composite was reported in the range 15.45&#x2013;44.58&#x0025; compared to the base alloy (eutectic Al-Si alloy). An increase in friction coefficient was reported in the range 28.80&#x2013;35.65&#x0025; compared to the base matrix alloy material. It was also reported that the wear rate increases and the friction coefficient of the composite sample decreases with an increase in load for the tribo-pair. It was observed that an increase in the wt. &#x0025; of reinforcement influences the friction and wear behavior of the composite. Wear mechanism at high load was characterized by plastic deformation, adhesion, delamination, and abrasion wear. For pre- and postcharacterization of surface and worn tracks, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) electron dispersion spectroscopy (EDS), 3D surface profilometer, and optical microscopy were used. This work aimed to investigate the influence of load on the tribological properties of Al-Si eutectic reinforced n-Al2O3 under dry sliding conditions. Its main objective was to provide a new contribution to the tribological behavior of these composites fabricated using the nonconventional spark plasma sintering method.

Pranav Dev Srivyas

M.S. Charoo

Effect of Load on the Tribological Properties of Eutectic Al-Si Reinforced n-Al2O3 under Dry Sliding Conditions

Lubricating oils degrade into two main products: oxidation products and solid particles. Oxidation products, called varnish, of turbine oils for power generation have become a particularly serious problem in recent years. The first step in determining the potential to produce varnish is to determine the remaining life of the antioxidant in the oil, but even though turbine oil may have antioxidants of sufficient longevity, varnish problems still occur frequently. Accordingly, to prevent varnish, it is necessary to diagnose oil oxidation products. Thus, the authors have developed a diagnostic method using membrane patch color, but the relationship between membrane patch color and the remaining life of turbine oils has yet to be clarified. This paper investigates a new method for estimating the oxidative degradation of turbine oils that uses membrane patch color and the dry turbine oxidation stability test (dry TOST) based on oxidation products and the remaining life of the turbine oils. Sample oils were prepared and degraded by oxidation in the laboratory using a dry TOST apparatus, and the membrane patch color was measured using a colorimetric patch analyzer (CPA). The relationship between membrane patch color and the rotating pressure vessel oxidation test (RPVOT) residual rate was then investigated. The results show that the new estimation method using the CPA and dry TOST is able to monitor the decrease of the RPVOT residual rate from the early stages of oxidative deterioration.

Tomohiko Kon

Tomomi Honda

Akira Sasaki

Estimation of the Oxidative Deterioration of Turbine Oil Using Membrane Patch Color

The present study aims at investigating a couple stress ferrofluid lubricant effects on the performance of the squeezed film when a uniform external magnetic field is applied. For this purpose, Shliomis ferrohydrodynamic and couple stress fluid models are employed. The considered geometry is parallel triangular plates. The effects of couple stress, volume concentration, and Langevin parameters on squeeze film characteristics including time vs. height relationship and load-carrying capacity are investigated. According to the results, employing couple stress ferrofluid lubricant in the presence of the magnetic field leads to an increased performance of the squeeze film.

Akbar Toloian

Maghsood Daliri

Nader Javani

The Performance of Squeeze Film between Parallel Triangular Plates with a Ferro-Fluid Couple Stress Lubricant

The present work was aimed to study the friction and wear behaviour of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) under extreme pressure conditions as an anti-weld additive for neem oil. The effect of neem oil, blended with various loading of GNPs on the friction and wear characteristics has been investigated. From the experimental results, it was found that 1 wt.&#x0025; of GNPs in neem oil showed the least coefficient of friction and smoother wear scar diameter. The extreme pressure test was performed on neem oil with and without GNPs as per ASTM standards. The extreme pressure test results indicated the improvement in seizure load of neem oil by 27.8&#x0025; at 0.5 wt.&#x0025; of GNPs as compared to pure neem oil. Optical microscopy of worn steel ball surface revealed the pit formation and the formation of wedge cutting edge in GNPs modified neem oil.

B. Suresha

G. Hemanth

Apurva Rakesh

K. M. Adarsh

Tribological Behaviour of Neem Oil with and without Graphene Nanoplatelets Using Four-Ball Tester

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Advances in Tribology publishes papers on the science of friction, wear, and lubrication. Topics covered include investigations into contact mechanics, wear and damage processes, surface and coating engineering, and lubrication technology.

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Advances in Tribology - Table of contents 2020

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Advances in Tribology publishes papers on the science of friction, wear, and lubrication. Topics covered include investigations into contact mechanics, wear and damage processes, surface and coating engineering, and lubrication technology.

Advances in Tribology