In Vitro Experimental Assessment of Ethanolic Extract of Moringa oleifera Leaves as an α-Amylase and α-Lipase Inhibitor

Ogundipe, Adebanke; Adetuyi, Babatunde; Iheagwam, Franklyn; Adefoyeke, Keleko; Olugbuyiro, Joseph; Ogunlana, Oluseyi; Ogunlana, Olubanke

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4613109

Biochemistry Research International

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 4613109 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4613109

In Vitro Experimental Assessment of Ethanolic Extract of Moringa oleifera Leaves as an α-Amylase and α-Lipase Inhibitor

Adebanke Ogundipe,^1,2Babatunde Adetuyi,³Franklyn Iheagwam,¹Keleko Adefoyeke,⁴Joseph Olugbuyiro,⁵Oluseyi Ogunlana,⁶and Olubanke Ogunlana^1,2

Academic Editor: Saleh Ahmed Mohamed

Received11 Nov 2022

Revised12 Dec 2022

Accepted16 Dec 2022

Published29 Dec 2022

Abstract

Background and Objectives. Moringa oleifera has been scientifically reported to have effects on diabetes and obesity. An explanatory mechanism on how the plant exerts its enzyme inhibitory activities are yet to be detailed. This study was aimed at carrying out an in vitro assessment of ethanolic extracts (AEEs) of M. oleifera leaves for their antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiobesity activities. Methods. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity, α-amylase, and α-lipase inhibitory assessment were carried out on Moringa oleifera extract. Results. The result of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of total phenolic, flavonoid, tannin, and alkaloid contents of values 0.070 ± 0.005 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, 0.180 ± 0.020 mg rutin equivalent/g, 0.042 ± 0.001 mg tannic equivalent/g, and 12.17 ± 0.001%, respectively, while the total protein analysis was 0.475 ± 0.001 mg bovine serum albumin equivalent/g. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) values were 0.534 ± 0.001 mg gallic acid equivalent/g and 0.022 ± 0.00008 mg rutin equivalent/g, respectively. Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis (ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), and nitric oxide (NO) assays showed the extract to have a strong free radical scavenging activity. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values of the lipase and amylase activities of the extract are 1.0877 mg/mL and 0.1802 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion. However, α-lipase and α-amylase inhibiting activity of M. oleifera could be related to the phytochemicals in the extract. This research validates the ethnobotanical use of M. oleifera leaves as an effective plant-based therapeutic agent for diabetes and obesity.

1. Introduction

Diabetes mellitus is a disorder that occurs when there is little or not enough insulin production from the pancreas. It is often regarded as having excessive blood glucose in the blood (hyperglycaemia). According to the International Diabetes Federation, a total of 387 million people were diagnosed with diabetes worldwide in 2014, with the figure expected to rise to 592 million by 2035 [1]. The core remedy for managing diabetes is to lower hyperglycaemia and reduce intestinal glucose absorption through the inhibition of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes (e.g., α-amylase) [2]. The toxicity levels and the high cost of pharmaceutical drugs designed for carbohydrate metabolizing enzyme inhibition have been a major concern [3].

Obesity, a metabolic disorder, occurs as a result of excessive accumulation of fat [4–6]. It is also regarded as an imbalance in energy intake and expenditure [7, 8]. Further complications of obesity can result in type 2 diabetes. Pancreatic α-lipase expression is vital in developing obesity towards an advanced state [9]. Phytochemicals such as quercetin, flavonoids, and polyphenols are known to inhibit pancreatic lipase. There is a need to adopt the use of herbs because they are readily available, minimize the side effects caused by synthetic drugs such as orlistat, and also reduce the cost of drug purchases.

Alternative medicines have been adopted for healing several ailments, whereas pharmacological treatment has provided no sustained weight loss with few or no side effects [10, 11]. Therefore, a cost-effective management approach is needed to be adopted to ensure minimal side effects in diabetes and obesity treatment. The therapeutic importance of medicinal plants has accelerated researchers’ interest in the discovery of the possible activities of plants to prevent and protect against chronic diseases [11]. Phenols, a bioactive compound found in plants were reported to inhibit α-amylase and α-lipase; thus, providing it an excellent approach for type 2 diabetes and obesity management [12–16]. Phenolic compounds act by scavenging reactive oxygen created during metabolic reactions in humans. Thus, they are known to fight against cancer, obesity, and diabetes [17]. However, various prospective studies have shown that some compounds such as catechin, isocatechin, flavonoids, flavones, isoflavone, and anthocyanin, have exhibit antiobesity and antidiabetic properties when comparied to β-carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin E [18] to have exhibit antiobesity and antidiabetic properties.

α-amylase (α-1-4-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1) is involved in the catalysis of the breakdown of α-(4)-D-glycosidic linkage of starch and, therefore, in reducing blood glucose levels. α-Lipase (glycerol ester hydrolase EC 3.1.1.3) help to catalyse the breakdown of fats. The digestion, transportation, and processing of dietary lipids are mainly performed by fats. Therefore, diabetes and obesity treatments are targeted towards inhibiting α-amylase and lipase enzymes [19].

Moringa oleifera, an Indian tree grown in various areas of Mexico, belongs to the Moringaceae family, ranging between 5–10 m high. The flowers, seeds, pods, and leaves of the Moringa tree have several medicinal benefits used for therapeutic purposes. For instance, the flowers have been studied to have anti-inflammatory activities, the seeds exhibit antihypertensive and liver-protective properties, and the leaves reported to have antimicrobial and hypoglycaemic activities [20]. It comprises three phytocompounds: rutin, quercetin-3-glycoside, and kaempferol, which have been evaluated as a possible mechanism of glucose concentration reduction after ingestion [21–23]. The leaves are mostly taken for self-medication by diabetic and hypertensive patients [24, 25]. The leaves of this plant are mostly used because of their medicinal characteristics, alongside with their hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic effects [26, 27]. M. oleifera leaves are also rich in ascorbic acid and aid in insulin secretion [22]. Reports of in vitro and in vivo studies of different extracts of M. oleifera have shown them to have antidiabetic and antiobesity properties, but a detailed explanation relating the phytochemicals present in the ethanolic extract of M. oleifera to its carbohydrate and lipid metabolizing enzyme inhibiting ability is yet to be properly unveiled. Thus, this investigation was aimed at elucidating the mechanism of action and thereby validating the use of M. oleifera ethanolic extract for the prevention and treatment of diabetes and obesity.

2. Materials and Methods

M. oleifera leaves, part of the whole plant, were harvested from specific locations in Covenant University (N6° 39’53.32644, E3° 9’35.9496), Ogun State, Nigeria. The fresh M. oleifera leaves were identified by a botanist in the Biological Sciences, at Covenant University. The voucher numbers were deposited at the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN), Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

2.1. Chemicals and Reagent

Salt of high purity and chemicals of analytical grade were purchased from a reliable source. The following were the list of chemicals used: acetonitrile, sodium phosphate buffer, gallic acid, rutin, pancreatic α-amylase, starch solution, ascorbic acid, dinitrosalicylic acid, porcine pancreatic lipase, 4-nitrophenylbutyrate, (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) DPPH reagent, α-amylase, p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside, (butylated hydroxyanisole) BHA, potassium ferricyanide and ferric chloride, acarbose, bovine serum albumin, etc.

2.2. M. oleifera Leaves’ Extract Preparation

The selected plants’ fresh leaves were air-dried, and an electric blender was used to pulverize them to obtain a fine powder. The powdered form of M. oleifera (400 g) was steeped in 90% ethanol in the ratio 1 : 5 (v/v) for three days (72 hours) and then filtered. The obtained filtrates were concentrated using a rotatory evaporator at 50°C to obtain the solvent-soluble fractions [27].

2.3. Phytochemical Screening Determination

2.3.1. Total Alkaloid Content Determination

A solution of 200 cm³ of acetic acid (10%) diluted in ethanol was added to the sample (in powdered form, 2.5 g). The mixture was placed in a water bath to concentrate the extract to a quarter (1/4^th) of the original volume after 4 hours. Afterwards, it was filtered and concentrated with 15 drops of ammonium hydroxide until the end of the precipitation. The mixture was subjected to filtration, dried, and weighed after it was left to settle for some hours [22]. Experimental analysis was carried out in triplicate (n = 3).

2.3.2. Total Phenolic Content Determination

Folin–Ciocalteu (FC) reagent (1 : 10 v/v) of 2.5 mL was mixed with 0.5 mL of extract (1 mg/mL). After 5 minutes of incubation at 25°C, sodium carbonate in the amount of 2 mL (7.5%) was added. The mixture was measured at 765 nm after incubation at 40°C for 30 minutes. The standard used was gallic acid (0.02–0.1 mg/mL), and the extract’s phenol was calculated as mg of gallic acid equivalent (mg GAE/g extract) using the standard curve [27]. The experiment was carried out in triplicate (n = 3).

2.3.3. Total Flavonoid Content Determination

Two millimetres of distilled water (dH₂O₂) was added to 0.15 mL of sample (1 mg/mL), and in addition, 0.15 mL of sodium nitrite (5%) was added. The mixture was subjected to incubation at 25°C for 6 minutes. Aluminium chloride (10%) of 0.15 mL was mixed and further incubated for 5 minutes. To make up to 5 mL, a millimetre of NaOH (4%) and 1.2 mL dH₂O₂ were added. Afterwards, the absorbance of the mixture was measured at 420 nm. The standard used was rutin (0.02–0.1 mg/mL) [28]. A flavonoid in the extract was observed by the presence of pink colouration. The content of flavonoids was calculated as mg RE/g extract as rutin equivalent using the standard curve. Experimental analysis was carried out in triplicate (n = 3).

2.3.4. Total Tannin Content Determination

An aliquot sample of 0.5 mL (1 mg/mL), dH₂O₂ of 3.75 mL, and 0.25 mL of FC reagent (1 : 10 v/v) were mixed together. Lastly, 0.5 mL (35% sodium carbonate) was added to the mixture, and the absorbance was measured. Tannic acid within the concentration range of 0.1–0.00625 mg/mL was used as a reference standard. The extract’s total tannin content was calculated using the standard curve and reported as tannic acid equivalent mg TAE/g extract [27]. The experimental analysis was carried out in triplicate (n = 3).

2.3.5. Total Saponin Content Determination

An extract of 0.05 mL and 0.25 mL of dH₂O₂ were mixed together. Thereafter, vanillin reagents of 0.25 mL (800 mg in 10 mL ethanol) and 2.5 mL of sulphuric acid (72%) were added and further incubated at 60°C for 10 minutes. The absorbance was then read at 544 nm after it was cooled. The standard used was diosgenin, and values were calculated as equivalents of diosgenin (mg DE/g extract) derived from a standard curve [29]. Experimental analysis was done in triplicate (n = 3).

2.3.6. Total Protein Content Determination

Alkaline copper sulphate (AlKCuSO₄) of 2 mL was added to varying concentrations of 0.2 mL of sample and then proceeded for 10 minutes of incubation. A volume of 0.2 mL of FC reagent was mixed and further incubated for 30 minutes. The absorbance of the mixture was measured at 660 nm. BSA (bovine serum albumin) was used as a standard with a varying concentration of 0.05–1 mg/mL. The values were calculated using a standard curve and represented as BSA equivalents (mg BSAE/g extract) [30]. The experiment analysis was carried out in triplicate (n = 3).

2.4. Antioxidant Activity

2.4.1. Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)

The DPPH assay was carried out following the method of Iheagwam [27]. A standard/sample of varying concentrations of 0.5 mL was mixed together with 0.5 mL of DPPH (0.1 mM). In the dark, the mixture was set for incubation for 30 minutes. The absorption rate was measured at 517 nm against a blank (methanol), and a DPPH solution was used as a control. Ascorbic acid and silymarin were used as standards (0.00125–0.000019) mg/mL. Radical scavenging activity with a higher value is indicated by a lower absorbance value:where Ac and As denote control and plant extract absorbance, respectively.

2.4.2. FRAP Activity (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power)

A sample of 1 mL (0.00625–1) mg/mL was mixed together with 1% potassium ferricyanide [K₃Fe (CN)⁶] in 2.5 mL, and the mixture was set for incubation at 50°C for 20 minutes. The same volume of trichloroacetic acid was added; 2.5 mL was taken from the mixture, and 2.5 mL of dH₂O₂ was added. The absorbance of the mixture was read at 700 nm after 0.5 mL was added to the mixture. The result was compared with ascorbic acid, and values were presented as ascorbic acid equivalents (mg AE/g extract), which were calculated using a standard curve [27]. The experimental analysis was carried out in triplicate (n = 3).

2.4.3. 2,2-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic Acid (ABTS) Activity

Potassium persulfate (2.45 mmol/L) and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) (7 mmol/L) were mixed to obtain an ABTS radical solution (ABTS) in the ratio 1 : 1 and were incubated for 12–16 hours in the dark. One mL of the radical solution was diluted with the required amount of ethanol/methanol (1 : 89 v/v) to be read using the spectrophotometer to obtain 0.700 ± 0.200 values immediately before use at 745 nm. After that, 0.1 mL of various concentrations of extract (0.0375–1) mg/mL were added to 3.9 mL of ABTS solution and then incubated for 6 minutes.

The absorbance of the solution was read at 745 nm against a blank (methanol); ABTS was used as control and butylated hydroxytoluene (0.0375–1.2 mg/mL) as standard [31]:where Ac and As denote control and plant extract absorbance, respectively.

2.4.4. Nitric Oxide (NO)

Phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4) of 0.5 mL and 2 mL of sodium nitroprusside (10 mM) were mixed with varying concentrations of the sample (0.00006–1) mg/mL. The mixture was incubated for 150 minutes at 25°C. After 30 minutes of incubation, 0.5 mL of the mixture was added to 0.5 mL of Griess reagent (% sulphanilamide, % phosphoric acid, and % naphthyl ethylenediamine dichloride) of and further incubated at the same temperature. The absorbance was read at 546 nm against a phosphate buffer and a control of Griess reagent [32]:where Ac and As denote control and plant extract absorbance, respectively.

2.4.5. Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)

One (1) mL of phosphomolybdate reagent (4 mM ammonium molybdate, 28 mM sodium phosphate, and 0.6 M sulphuric acid) was added to a 0.1 mL sample. The absorbance of the mixture was measured at 695 nm after the mixture was set to incubate for 1 hour and 30 minutes. Distilled water was replaced with the sample/standard, and the control used was gallic acid. The extract’s phenol content was calculated as mg of gallic acid equivalent (mg GAE/g extract) as derived from the standard curve [27]. The experimental analysis was carried out in triplicate (n = 3).

2.5. Enzyme Inhibition Study

2.5.1. Carbohydrate Inhibitory Assessment

Amylase solution (2 U/μL in phosphate buffer, 6.8) of a volume of 500 μL added to 250 μL of acarbose/sample. Incubation was set at 37°C for 20 minutes. A 250 μL starch solution (phosphate buffer, 1%, 6.8) was added to the mixture and further incubated for an hour at 37°C. After incubation, 1 mL of dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) reagent was added and left to boil for 10 minutes. The mixture was taken at 540 nm against buffer and DNSA as blank [33]:where Ac and As denote control and plant extract absorbance, respectively.

2.5.2. Lipase Inhibitory Assessment

In a 96-well plate, 164 mL of assay buffer and 6 mL of pancreatic lipase solution were mixed. Also, 20 mL of extract/orlistat was pipetted and set for incubation for 10 minutes at 37°C. Thereafter, 10 mL of the substrate was added and set for incubation again at 37°C for 15 minutes. The absorbance of the mixture was read at 405 nm [34]:where Ac and As denote control and plant extract absorbance, respectively.

3. Results

3.1. Voucher Referencing and Extraction Yield of the Selected Plants

The present study was conducted with an aqueous 95% ethanol extract of the selected medicinal leaves. The percentage yield of M. oleifera (Mo/Bio/H816) was calculated at 27.78%.

3.2. Phytochemical Screening and Total Protein Content of M. oleifera Leaf Extract

Leaves extract showed that phytochemicals were present, which are stated in Table 1. These phytochemicals include phenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. M. oleifera leaves were reported to have high nutritional value; this study revealed the presence of high protein content (0.475°0.001 mg BSAE/g) in the extract.

3.3. Antioxidant Analysis

To investigate the antioxidant ability of the extract from M. oleifera leaves, antioxidant assays such as DPPH, nitric oxide, FRAP, TAC, and ABTS were carried out. The results of FRAP and TAC showed that 0.022°±°0.00008 mg RE/g and 0.534°±°0.001 mg GAE/g, respectively, as shown in Table 2. The inhibitory percentage of ABTS at the highest concentration (1.2 mg/mL) is 10.67%, as shown in Figure 1. Moreover, the 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) values for DPPH, nitric oxide, and ABTS values of M. oleifera shown in Table 3 are 0.0002 mg/mL, 0.6577 mg/mL, and 8.3036 mg/mL, respectively.

3.4. Enzyme Inhibitory Assessment

3.4.1. Percentage Inhibitory Effect of Different Concentrations of M. oleifera Extract on α-Amylase Enzyme Activity

M. oleifera extract inhibits the activity of the α-amylase enzyme in a concentration-dependent manner. The percentage inhibitory values of the extract were evaluated to be 34%, 19%, 33%, 22.58%, and 23.79% at 0.2 mg/mL, 0.4 mg/mL, 0.6 mg/mL, 0.8 mg/mL, and 1 mg/mL concentrations, respectively. The highest percentage inhibitory values of acarbose were estimated at 80.72% at 0.8 mg/mL concentration, as shown in Figure 2. The IC₅₀ values of the amylase inhibitory activity of the extract were 0.1802 mg/mL and that of acarbose were 0.1215 mg/mL, as shown in Table 4.

3.5. Percentage Inhibitory Effect of Different Concentrations of M. oleifera Extract on α-Lipase Enzyme Activity

M. oleifera extracts had a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the α-lipase enzyme. The highest percentage inhibitory value was 93.84% at 4.68 μg/mL concentration, and the lowest percentage inhibitory value was 79% at a concentration of 300 μg/mL. However, orlistat has the highest percentage inhibitory value of 95.76% at 75 μg/mL concentration, as shown in Figure 3. The IC₅₀ values of pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity of the extract were 1.0877 mg/mL, and orlistat (the standard drug) was 0.8170 mg/mL, as shown in Table 4.

4. Discussion

In vitro studies in all fields of biology are aimed at elucidating the mechanisms by which biological substances perform their roles within a cell [35]. The uses of medicinal plants in delivering cost-effective therapy for a variety of ailments are due to the existence of secondary metabolites [36]. Plants contain bioactive compounds, which have been shown in studies to have a variety of therapeutic properties [37].

M. oleifera has proven to have various antidiabetic, antiobesity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. It was reported to contain a huge amount of proteins, oils, potassium, calcium, carbohydrates, amino acids, and phenolic compounds (such as rutin, kaempferol, p-coumaric acid, and quercetin). The antidiabetic and antiobesity pharmacological properties of Moringa oleifera are a result of its high constituents of flavonoid, glucoside, and glucosinolate [38].

The amphipathic nature of ethanol allows for the breakdown of both polar and nonpolar elements in plants [39]. It was also shown to be the best choice for extracting active principles. The ethanolic extract of M. oleifera showed phytochemical constituents such as phenol, flavonoid, saponin, and tannin, which could be related to the presence of high phytochemical content in this study. Furthermore, the onset of diabetes can be delayed, as revealed in experimental studies with M. oleifera leaves extract with high phenolic content [40, 41], which is also in agreement with the high phenolic content revealed in this research. The therapeutic potential of phytocompounds in M. oleifera has been reported in vitro and in vivo studies for reducing the risk of chronic diseases [42].

Natural antioxidants, which can be found in a variety of foods and medicinal plants such as fruits, vegetables, beverages, herbs, and spices, play a major role in the human diet, particularly in preventing cellular damage (oxidative stress) [43]. Tannins and saponins have been discovered to have strong antioxidant properties [44], which could be responsible for the radical scavenging ability of M. oleifera ethanolic extract to scavenge nitric oxide, diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzotiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) activity radicals in this present study. Moreover, the phytochemicals present in M. oleifera leaves have been proven to have antioxidant phytochemicals present in them.

Alpha amylase and pancreatic lipase inhibition are one therapeutic method to reduce hyperglycaemia and obesity [45]. In vivo investigation, M. oleifera was proven to have antihyperglycaemic properties via the release of insulin such as sulfonylureas and meglitinides to inhibit ATP-sensitive potassium channels in the residual beta cell channels [46]. High inhibitory effects were shown on α-amylase by M. oleifera more than the reference drug (acarbose) as a result of the saponin, phenolic, and flavonoid content. This is related to the result of the α-amylase inhibitory assessment revealed in this study.

M. oleifera ethanolic leaf extract effectively inhibited pancreatic lipase using orlistat as the standard. In vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies have shown that M. oleifera has antiobesity properties. Bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and quercetin have antiobesity activities and are great pancreatic lipase inhibitors [47]. This result validates the pancreatic lipase inhibitory property of M. oleifera ethanolic leaves.

5. Conclusion

M. oleifera leaf extract has been validated to be an excellent α-amylase and α-lipase inhibitor with properties suitable for the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus and obesity when consumed. The bioactive compounds such as flavonoid, saponin, tannin, etc. present in M. oleifera ethanolic leaves extract as reported in this present and other previous studies were shown to possess antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiobesity activity, which could be responsible for its potent radical scavenging ability and effective inhibition of α-amylase and pancreatic lipase. These natural bioactive compounds and M. oleifera powdered leaves can likewise be included in foods and used as drugs for weight loss management. Moreover, a natural deep eutectic solvent may be adopted in extract preparation for better extraction, low toxicity, and probably to achieve unique chemical compounds. Clinical trial studies can be explored further to maximise the gains in the use of M. oleifera leaves in humans.

Data Availability

All the data supporting this study are available upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

References

IDF Diabetes Atlas, International Diabetes Federation, Brussels, 6th edition, 2014.
B. M. Spiegelman and J. S. Flier, “Obesity and the regulation of energy balance,” Cell, vol. 104, no. 4, pp. 531–543, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. A. Adefegha and G. Oboh, “Inhibition of key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes and sodium nitroprusside-induced lipid peroxidation in rat pancreas by water extractable phytochemicals from some tropical spices,” Pharmaceutical Biology, vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 857–865, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. O. Adetuyi, O. A. Adebisi, O. A. Adetuyi et al., “Ficus exasperata attenuates acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage via NF-κB s mechanism in experimental rat model,” BioMed Research International, vol. 2022, Article ID 6032511, 10 pages, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. H. Pan, Y. C. Tung, G. Yang, S. Li, and C. T. Ho, “Molecular mechanisms; of the antiobesity effect of bioactive compounds in tea and coffee,” Food & Function, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 4481–4491, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. J. Stohs and M. J. Hartman, “Review of the safety and efficacy of Moringa oleifera,” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 796–804, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Zhishen, T. Mengcheng, and W. Jianming, “The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals,” Food Chemistry, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 555–559, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Kasolo, S. Gabriel, O. Lonzy, O. Joseph, and O. Jasper, “Phytochemicals and uses of M oleifera leaves in Ugandan rural communities,” Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 753–757, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
B. Oluwafemi Adetuyi, T. Olamide Okeowo, O. Adefunke Adetuyi et al., “Ganoderma lucidum from red mushroom attenuates formaldehyde-induced liver damage in experimental male rat model,” Biology, vol. 9, no. 10, p. 313, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Gombis, “Pharmacological treatment of obesity,” Revista de Medicina—Universidad de Navarra, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 63–65, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
T. O. Jimoh, “Enzymes inhibitory and radical scavenging potentials of two selected tropical vegetable (Moringa oleifera and Telfairia occidentalis) leaves relevant to type 2 diabetes mellitus,” Brazillian Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2018.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Abdul Rahman, N. Saari, F. Abas, A. Ismail, M. W. Mumtaz, and A. Abdul Hamid, “Antiobesity and antioxidant activities of selected medicinal plants and phytochemical profiling of bioactive compounds,” International Journal of Food Properties, vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 2616–2629, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Cheplick, Y. I. Kwon, P. Bhowmik, and K. Shetty, “Phenolic-linked variation in strawberry cultivars for potential dietary management of hyperglycemia and related complications of hypertension,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 101, no. 1, pp. 404–413, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. O. Adetuyi, O. A. Adebisi, E. H. Awoyelu, O. A. Adetuyi, and O. O. Ogunlana, “Phytochemical and toxicological effect of ethanol extract of Heliotropium indicum on liver of male albino rats,” Letters in Applied NanoBioscience (LIANB), vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 2085–2095, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Gupta, M. Mathur, V. K. Bajaj et al., “Evaluation of antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera in experimental diabetes,” Journal of Diabetes, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 164–171, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. O. Obadoni and P. O. Ochuko, “Phytochemical studies and comparative efficacy of the crude extracts of some haemostatic plants in Edo and Delta States of Nigeria,” Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 203–208, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. M. Abdel-Aty, W. H. Salama, A. S. Fahmy, and S. A. Mohamed, “Impact of germination on antioxidant capacity of garden cress: new calculation for determination of total antioxidant activity,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 246, pp. 155–160, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. C. Udenigwe, A. P. Adebiyi, A. Doyen, H. Li, L. Bazinet, and R. E. Aluko, “Low molecular weight flaxseed protein- derived arginine-containing peptides reduced blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats faster than amino acid form of arginine and native flaxseed protein,” Food Chemistry, vol. 132, no. 1, pp. 468–475, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Mahmood, “A review of α-amylase inhibitors on weight loss and glycemic control in pathological state such as obesity and diabetes,” Comparative Clinical Pathology, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 1253–1264, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. L. Al-Malki and H. A. El Rabey, “The antidiabetic effect of low doses of Moringa oleifera Lam. Seeds on streptozotocin induced diabetes and diabetic nephropathy in male rats,” BioMed Research International, vol. 2015, Article ID 381040, 13 pages, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
O. O. Ogunlana, B. O. Adetuyi, E. F. Esalomi et al., “Antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of the twigs of andrograhis paniculata on streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats,” BioChemistry (Rajkot, India), vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 238–249, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. N. Iheagwam, E. N. Israel, K. O. Kayode, O. C. DeCampos, O. O. Ogunlana, and S. N. Chinedu, “Nauclea latifolia Sm. leaf extracts extenuates free radicals, inflammation, and diabetes-linked enzymes,” Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, vol. 2020, Article ID 5612486, 13 pages, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. M. O. Didunyemi, A. B. O. Adetuyi, and I. A. Oyewale, “Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and in-vitro antioxidant capacity of aqueous, acetone and methanol leaf extracts of green and red Acalypha wilkesiana Muell Arg,” International Journal of Biological & Medical Research, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 7089–7094, 2020.
View at: Google Scholar
O. O. Ogunlana, B. O. Adetuyi, T. S. Adekunbi, B. E. Adegboye, F. N. Iheagwam, and O. E. Ogunlana, “Ameliorative effect of Ruzu herbal bitters on high-fat diet induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Wistar rats,” Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 251–260, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. A. Asare, B. Gyan, K. Bugyei et al., “Toxicity potentials of the nutraceutical Moringaoleifera at supra-supplementation levels,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 139, no. 1, pp. 265–272, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Dangi, C. Jolly, and S. Narayanan, “Antihypertensive activity of the total alkaloids from the leaves of Moringa oleifera,” Pharmaceutical Biology, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 144–148, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Monera and C. Maponga, “Moringa oleifera supplementation by Patients on antiretroviral therapy,” Journal of the International AIDS Society, vol. 13, no. 4, p. 188, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Nahar, F. Faisal, J. Iqbal, M. Rahman, and M. Yusuf, “Antiobesity activity of Moringa oleifera leaves against high fat diet-induced obesity in rats,” International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1263–1268, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Jamuna, S. Paulsamy, and K. Karthika, “Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of leaf and root parts of the medicinal herbs, Hypochaeris radicata for in vitro antioxidant activities,” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 359–367, 2014.
View at: Google Scholar
D. Jaiswal, P. Kumar Rai, A. Kumar, S. Mehta, and G. Watal, “Effect of Moringa oleifera lam. Leaves aqueous extract therapy on hyperglycemic rats,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 123, no. 3, pp. 392–396, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. G. Kopelman, “Obesity as a medical problem,” Nature, vol. 404, no. 6778, pp. 635–643, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. N. Iheagwam, E. N. Israel, K. O. Kayode, O. C. De Campos, O. O. Ogunlana, and S. N. Chinedu, “GC-MS analysis and inhibitory evaluation of Terminalia catappa leaf extracts on major enzymes linked to diabetes,” Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2019, Article ID 6316231, 14 pages, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. O. Anyanwu, H. M. Qamar, J. Iqbal et al., “Ethylacetate fraction of Anthocleista vogelii planch demonstrates antiobesity activities in preclinical models,” Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 547–554, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Akpovwehwee, J. Oghenetega, A. Oghenenyore, and B. Ohwokevwo, “Bioactive components of Ficus exasperata, Moringa oleifera and Jatropha tanjorensis leaf extracts and evaluation of their antioxidant properties,” EurAsian Journal of BioSciences, vol. 13, pp. 1763–1769, 2019.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Singh, A. Pal, and K. Pal, “Antioxidant activity of ethanolic and aqueous extract of Phyllanthus niruri–in vitro,” World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1994–2000, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Anigboro, J. Tonukari, J. Oghenetega, E. Egbeme, and R. Onakurhefe, “Quantitative determination of some phytochemicals (phenol, flavonoid, saponin and alkaloid) in twenty-two Nigerian medicinal plant,” Nigerian Journal of Science and Environment, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2014.
View at: Google Scholar
D. Byrne, S. Devaraj, S. Grundy, and L. Jialal, “Comparison of antioxidant effects of Concord grape juice flavanoids and tocopherol on markers of oxidative stress in healthy Adults,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 76, pp. 1367–1313, 2002.
View at: Google Scholar
N. Z. Abd Rani, K. Husain, and E. Kumolosasi, “Moringa genus: a review of phytochemistry and pharmacology,” Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 9, p. 108, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
O. Lowry, N. Rosebrough, A. L. Farr, and R. Randall, “Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 193, no. 1, pp. 265–275, 1951.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Wadkar, C. Magdum, S. Patil, and N. Naikwade, “Anti-diabetic potential and Indian medicinal plants,” Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology, vol. 2, pp. 45–50, 2008.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Tende, I. Ezekiel, A. Dikko, and A. Goji, “Effect of ethanolic leaves extract of Moringa oleifera on blood glucose levels of streptozocin induced diabetics and normoglycemic wistar rats,” Brazillian Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–4, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Sayed, M. Ahmed, A. El-Shehawi et al., “Ginger water reduces body weight gain and improves energy expenditure in rats,” Foods, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 38, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
U. Pagotto, V. Vanuzzo, R. Vicennati, and D. Pasquali, “Pharmacological therapy of obesity,” Italian Journal of Cardiology, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 83–93, 2008.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Ortiz-andrade, S. Garcia-Jimenez, P. Castillo-España, G. Ramirez-avila, R. Villalobos-molina, and S. Estrada-soto, “α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of the methanolic extract from Tournefortia hartwegiana: an anti-hyperglycemic agent,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 109, no. 1, pp. 48–53, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. E. Gerich, “Physiology of glucose homeostasis,” Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 345–350, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Idakwoji, S. Okafor, O. Akuba, O. Ajayi, and S. Hassan, “In vivo and in vitro comparative evaluation of the anti-diabetic potentials of the parts of Moringa oleifera tree,” European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 14–22, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Konstantinidi and A. E. Koutelidakis, “Functional foods and bioactive compounds: a review of its possible role on weight management and obesity’s metabolic consequences,” Medicine (Baltimore), vol. 6, no. 3, p. 94, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Adebanke Ogundipe et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

1738

Downloads

952

Citations