<i>Introduction</i>. The placenta, or afterbirth, plays a vital role in supplying nutrients and oxygen via the umbilical cord. Western medicine sees the placenta as a medical waste and discards it after delivery. Meanwhile, indigenous groups observe rituals or ceremonies prior to their disposal since it bears sacred importance. <i>Aim</i>. The aim of the literature review is to review the current literature on indigenous methods of disposing placenta. <i>Methods</i>. Through the EBSCOhost search engine, the authors had access to the following databases: CINAHL; MEDLINE; E-Journals; Health Sources: Nursing/Academic Edition; Scopus; and African Journals Online. A manual search of the grey literature through Google Scholar and Google Search engines, as well as citation searching using reference lists, was also used. The following keyword searches came up: placental disposal, placental waste, placental release, indigenous placental disposal, traditional placental disposal, cultural placenta, and placental rituals. The authors followed the inclusion criteria of qualitative, quantitative, or mixed research articles or reports from experts and different organisations published between 2013 and 2022 in English. <i>Findings</i>. The following three themes with subthemes emerged in the context of this review paper: (1) placental consumption (increases milk production, prevents postpartum depression, and prevents postpartum bleeding); (2) placental burial (burial site determines the child’s fate, protection of the child, and fertility); and 3). artifacts (memorabilia). <i>Conclusion</i>. Indigenous placental disposal methods have a significant value to Indigenous women globally. The rituals performed have a special meaning attached to them. It is important for Western medicine to respect and support indigenous placental disposal methods and ensure safe handling from the healthcare facilities to their homes.

Cecilia Moeti

Fhumulani Mavis Mulaudzi

Molatelo Melitah Rasweswe

The Disposal of Placenta among Indigenous Groups Globally: An Integrative Literature Review

<i>Background</i>. Early prenatal syphilis testing and treatment are essential preventative measures for maternal syphilis and associated adverse pregnancy outcomes of pregnancy; however, data shows that two-thirds of all cases are missed among women who visit prenatal care center at least once but are not tested for syphilis. This study determined the prevalence and factors associated with syphilis infection among mothers with missed opportunities for antenatal syphilis testing in rural western Uganda delivered at Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital (FRRH). <i>Methods</i>. A cross-sectional study was done during the period from April 2022 to June 2022. A total of 124 participants had been recruited consecutively from postnatal ward of FRRH. Pretested questionnaires were used to obtain information on data required for analysis. Venous blood sampling (2 ml taken from the forearm using anticoagulant free vacutainer) was done for all mothers who missed opportunity for prenatal syphilis testing using both RPR and TPHA. Descriptive statistics followed by binary logistic regression analysis was done using SPSS version 22.0. <i>Results</i>. The prevalence of syphilis infection was 27 (21.8%). After adjusted analysis, having more than one sexual partners in the past one year was associated with higher odds of syphilis infection (<span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="34.725pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" id="M1" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 34.725 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g190-98" d="M433 39L423 65C413 59 399 54 387 54C370 54 352 69 352 114V299C352 352 342 392 307 422C285 440 255 449 225 449C168 437 102 399 75 379C56 365 44 353 44 339C44 315 69 296 87 296C101 296 111 303 116 319C124 349 133 371 145 385C156 397 171 404 190 404C241 404 275 364 275 291V274C253 256 180 229 120 209C65 190 39 159 39 110C39 47 88 -12 159 -12C189 -12 237 25 277 52C282 35 288 21 301 8C312 -3 333 -12 348 -12L433 39ZM275 84C256 65 221 48 195 48C164 48 124 73 124 124C124 161 146 180 185 198C206 208 254 229 275 240V84Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,5.707,0)"><path id="g190-80" d="M381 665C170 665 44 498 44 318C44 125 188 -15 369 -15C552 -15 703 117 703 333C703 534 550 665 381 665ZM359 629C491 629 601 517 601 306C601 114 502 21 390 21C249 21 146 158 146 346S248 629 359 629Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.301,0)"><path id="g190-83" d="M631 18C609 24 585 35 559 65C534 91 514 117 478 169C448 214 406 281 389 313C462 346 516 399 516 485C516 545 490 590 449 616C412 641 363 650 290 650H42V622C120 615 128 612 128 527V125C128 40 120 34 38 28V0H300V28C221 34 212 40 212 125V284H244C295 284 312 272 329 244C359 195 395 133 430 84C475 19 516 -3 592 -7C603 -8 615 -8 627 -8L631 18ZM212 316V563C212 591 215 602 223 607C231 613 248 617 277 617C352 617 423 577 423 469C423 415 407 375 368 345C343 324 310 316 260 316H212Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.094,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="34.421pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="38.3061838 -8.75334 34.421 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.356,0)"><path id="g113-51" d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.596,0)"><path id="g113-53" d="M456 178V225H360V632H320C217 496 115 347 20 206V178H280V106C280 40 276 34 189 27V0H445V27C364 34 360 39 360 106V178H456ZM280 225H82C149 335 214 431 278 520H280V225Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.837,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.801,0)"><path id="g113-58" d="M244 635C114 635 38 519 38 422C38 317 111 240 217 240C236 240 255 244 277 256L345 292C311 140 203 39 59 15L64 -15C89 -15 150 -5 204 17C339 72 440 202 440 386C440 521 368 635 244 635ZM228 602C326 602 352 479 352 390C352 370 351 347 348 324C327 308 293 296 258 296C174 296 124 369 124 458C124 517 152 602 228 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60.042,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,66.282,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g></svg>,</span></span> 95% CI: 4.462-139.201, <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18.973pt" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" id="M2" height="11.7782pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 18.973 11.7782"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-113" d="M570 304C570 398 525 448 414 448C385 448 343 445 312 434L329 511L321 518C297 504 262 482 244 460L233 411C195 397 159 381 128 358L135 332C160 347 189 360 224 373L111 -147C97 -210 84 -218 17 -231L13 -257L254 -247L259 -218L233 -216C183 -212 177 -202 189 -142L218 -1C238 -10 266 -12 283 -12C351 3 429 48 483 105C543 168 570 242 570 304ZM482 289C482 161 380 33 304 33C278 33 248 51 233 69L303 396C326 400 352 403 369 403C428 403 482 380 482 289Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)"><path id="g117-91" d="M512 -3V55L134 254V256L512 456V514L75 281V230L512 -3Z"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="28.184pt" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" height="11.7782pt" version="1.1" viewBox="22.555183800000002 -8.34882 28.184 11.7782"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.289,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/></g></svg>),</span></span> and staying with the partner was found to be associated with lower odds of syphilis infection (<span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="34.725pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" id="M3" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 34.725 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-98"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,5.707,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-80"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.301,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-83"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.094,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="28.157pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="38.3061838 -8.75334 28.157 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.356,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.596,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.56,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.8,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60.04,0)"><path id="g113-52" d="M285 378C315 398 338 416 353 432C373 451 384 474 384 503C384 579 325 635 236 635H235C182 635 136 610 108 579L65 516L85 496C110 533 150 575 205 575C258 575 300 543 300 481C300 407 232 369 141 339L147 310C163 315 188 321 211 321C268 321 338 284 338 192C338 94 288 40 217 40C160 40 119 68 93 91C85 98 77 97 69 91C60 84 47 71 46 58C44 46 48 35 62 22C75 10 116 -12 162 -12C234 -12 424 62 424 224C424 297 373 359 285 376V378Z"/></g></svg>,</span></span> 95% CI: 0.040-1.142, <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18.973pt" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" id="M4" height="11.7782pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 18.973 11.7782"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-113"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="28.184pt" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" height="11.7782pt" version="1.1" viewBox="22.555183800000002 -8.34882 28.184 11.7782"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)"><path id="g113-54" d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.289,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g></svg>).</span></span> <i>Conclusions</i>. The study identified high prevalence of syphilis infection among mothers with missed opportunities for antenatal syphilis testing, and this was positively associated with having more than one sexual partners in the past one year and negatively associated with not staying with partner.

Theoneste Hakizimana

Joy Muhumuza

Fabrice Molen Selamo

Marie Pascaline Sabine Ishimwe

Rogers Kajabwangu

Osman Mohamud Jelle

Joshua Muhumuza

Sonye Magugu Kiyaka

Sandra Nyakato

Yarine Fajardo

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Syphilis among Mothers with Missed Opportunities for Antenatal Syphilis Testing in Rural Western Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study

<i>Background.</i> Premarital sexual practice becomes a common phenomenon among youths in Ethiopia. It is usually associated with unwanted pregnancies, abortions, and sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS. <i>Objective.</i> This study is aimed at assessing the magnitude and determinants of premarital sexual practice among Ethiopian youths. <i>Methods.</i> A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in all regions of Ethiopia from January 18 to June 27, 2016. A total of 7389 youths with the age range from 19 to 24 were included in the present study. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were employed to identify factors associated with premarital sex. A 95% CI and <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" id="M1" height="10.2124pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -6.78297 7.83752 10.2124" width="7.83752pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-113" d="M570 304C570 398 525 448 414 448C385 448 343 445 312 434L329 511L321 518C297 504 262 482 244 460L233 411C195 397 159 381 128 358L135 332C160 347 189 360 224 373L111 -147C97 -210 84 -218 17 -231L13 -257L254 -247L259 -218L233 -216C183 -212 177 -202 189 -142L218 -1C238 -10 266 -12 283 -12C351 3 429 48 483 105C543 168 570 242 570 304ZM482 289C482 161 380 33 304 33C278 33 248 51 233 69L303 396C326 400 352 403 369 403C428 403 482 380 482 289Z"/></g></svg> value < 0.05 were used to declare statistical significance. <i>Result</i>. The prevalence of premarital sexual practice was 10.8% (95% CI, 10%–11.5%). Being in the age group of 20-24 (<span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="37.647pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" id="M2" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 37.647 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g190-66" d="M673 0V28C608 34 594 43 563 129C499 303 432 494 370 665L339 656L132 132C98 43 84 37 20 28V0H238V28C162 35 154 45 175 108C188 150 203 192 219 237H432C454 176 474 122 487 83S491 36 428 28V0H673ZM418 280H234C265 362 296 450 328 535H330L418 280Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.618,0)"><path id="g190-80" d="M381 665C170 665 44 498 44 318C44 125 188 -15 369 -15C552 -15 703 117 703 333C703 534 550 665 381 665ZM359 629C491 629 601 517 601 306C601 114 502 21 390 21C249 21 146 158 146 346S248 629 359 629Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.211,0)"><path id="g190-83" d="M631 18C609 24 585 35 559 65C534 91 514 117 478 169C448 214 406 281 389 313C462 346 516 399 516 485C516 545 490 590 449 616C412 641 363 650 290 650H42V622C120 615 128 612 128 527V125C128 40 120 34 38 28V0H300V28C221 34 212 40 212 125V284H244C295 284 312 272 329 244C359 195 395 133 430 84C475 19 516 -3 592 -7C603 -8 615 -8 627 -8L631 18ZM212 316V563C212 591 215 602 223 607C231 613 248 617 277 617C352 617 423 577 423 469C423 415 407 375 368 345C343 324 310 316 260 316H212Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.016,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"/><span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15.63pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="41.2291838 -8.75334 15.63 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.279,0)"><path id="g113-52" d="M285 378C315 398 338 416 353 432C373 451 384 474 384 503C384 579 325 635 236 635H235C182 635 136 610 108 579L65 516L85 496C110 533 150 575 205 575C258 575 300 543 300 481C300 407 232 369 141 339L147 310C163 315 188 321 211 321C268 321 338 284 338 192C338 94 288 40 217 40C160 40 119 68 93 91C85 98 77 97 69 91C60 84 47 71 46 58C44 46 48 35 62 22C75 10 116 -12 162 -12C234 -12 424 62 424 224C424 297 373 359 285 376V378Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.52,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.484,0)"><path id="g113-55" d="M137 343C167 482 260 545 321 574C357 591 397 603 429 609L423 641C382 634 335 622 295 608C189 570 37 457 37 238C37 84 125 -12 242 -12C362 -12 447 89 447 209C447 311 374 393 267 393C247 393 226 386 204 376L137 343ZM227 337C318 337 361 256 361 173C361 105 336 22 258 22C176 22 126 120 126 240C126 266 127 291 132 310C155 323 189 337 227 337Z"/></g></svg>,</span></span> 95% CI (2.8, 4.6)), male sex (<span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="37.647pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" id="M3" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 37.647 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-66"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.618,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-80"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.211,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-83"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.016,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"/><span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15.63pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="41.2291838 -8.75334 15.63 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.279,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.519,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.483,0)"><path id="g113-56" d="M447 623H65C61 580 56 530 47 475H76C100 541 106 550 172 550H388C308 376 196 170 91 -1L98 -12L172 -2C268 204 360 408 455 611L447 623Z"/></g></svg>,</span></span> 95% CI (1.3, 2.2)), employed (<span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="37.647pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" id="M4" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 37.647 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-66"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.618,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-80"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.211,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-83"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.016,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"/><span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15.63pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="41.2291838 -8.75334 15.63 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.279,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.519,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.483,0)"><path id="g113-53" d="M456 178V225H360V632H320C217 496 115 347 20 206V178H280V106C280 40 276 34 189 27V0H445V27C364 34 360 39 360 106V178H456ZM280 225H82C149 335 214 431 278 520H280V225Z"/></g></svg>,</span></span> 95% CI (1.03, 1.8)), from pastoral region (<span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="37.647pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" id="M5" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 37.647 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-66"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.618,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-80"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.211,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-83"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.016,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"/><span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15.63pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="41.2291838 -8.75334 15.63 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.279,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.519,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.483,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-53"/></g></svg>,</span></span> 95% CI (1.3,2.4)), having mobile phone (<span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="37.647pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" id="M6" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 37.647 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-66"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.618,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-80"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.211,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-83"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.016,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"/><span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15.63pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="41.2291838 -8.75334 15.63 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.279,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.519,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.483,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-56"/></g></svg>,</span></span> 95% CI, (1.3, 2.3)), ever use of internet (<span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="37.647pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" id="M7" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 37.647 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-66"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.618,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-80"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.211,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-83"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.016,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"/><span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15.63pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="41.2291838 -8.75334 15.63 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.279,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.519,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.483,0)"><path id="g113-57" d="M249 635C141 635 70 555 70 471C70 401 114 353 179 316C143 294 106 267 90 252C68 231 45 202 45 157C45 50 130 -12 237 -12C322 -12 435 52 435 169C435 256 372 304 303 343C349 374 375 398 383 407C401 429 411 458 411 487C411 569 344 635 249 635ZM238 603C285 603 337 567 337 482C337 422 310 385 276 358C205 393 145 426 145 500C145 552 179 603 238 603ZM248 20C183 20 125 70 125 163C125 218 158 268 206 300C284 261 355 217 355 143C355 66 308 20 248 20Z"/></g></svg>,</span></span> 95% CI (1.3, 2.5)), ever drinking alcohol (<span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="37.647pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" id="M8" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 37.647 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-66"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.618,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-80"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.211,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-83"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.016,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"/><span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15.63pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="41.2291838 -8.75334 15.63 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.279,0)"><path id="g113-51" d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.519,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.483,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-53"/></g></svg>,</span></span> 95% CI (1.7, 2.5)), ever chewed khat (<span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="37.647pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" id="M9" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 37.647 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-66"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.618,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-80"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.211,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-83"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.016,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"/><span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15.63pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="41.2291838 -8.75334 15.63 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.279,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.519,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.483,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-53"/></g></svg>,</span></span> 95% CI (1.6, 3.5), and ever tested for HIV (<span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="37.647pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" id="M10" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 37.647 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-66"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.618,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-80"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.211,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-83"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.016,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"/><span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15.63pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="41.2291838 -8.75334 15.63 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.279,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.519,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.483,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g></svg>,</span></span> 95% CI (1.1,1.6)) were statistically significant factors associated with premarital sex. <i>Conclusion.</i> For every 10 youths, at least one of them had sexual intercourse before they got married. Being in the age group of 20-24, male sex, employed, from a pastoral region, having a mobile phone, ever use of the internet, alcohol drinking, khat chewing, and ever tested for HIV were important factors affecting premarital sex. Thus, national sexual education and reproductive health behavior change interventions should give due attention to those groups. Furthermore, adequate education should be given about premarital sexual intercourse when youths come for HIV tests.

Kegnie Shitu

Ayenew Kassie

Maereg Wolde

Prevalence and Determinants of Premarital Sexual Practice among Youths in Ethiopia: Based on the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey Data

<i>Background</i>. Tragically, rape victims keep their ailments a secret from the police and their family members or significant others out of concern for societal stigma. The prevalence and severity of rape are highest among minorities, including girls and children who live as refugees. The current study assessed the prevalence of rape and its predictors among female students attending elementary schools in the Kule refugee camp, Gambella, southwest Ethiopia. <i>Methods</i>. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May 15 to 25, 2022, using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. A total of 211 participants were selected using a simple random sampling technique. The collected data were entered into EpiData and then exported to SPSS version 23 for analysis. The descriptive statistics were presented using frequencies, means, and standard deviations. A binary logistic regression model was used to test the association between the outcome and explanatory variables. The multivariable analysis included variables with <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" id="M1" height="10.2124pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -6.78297 7.83752 10.2124" width="7.83752pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-113" d="M570 304C570 398 525 448 414 448C385 448 343 445 312 434L329 511L321 518C297 504 262 482 244 460L233 411C195 397 159 381 128 358L135 332C160 347 189 360 224 373L111 -147C97 -210 84 -218 17 -231L13 -257L254 -247L259 -218L233 -216C183 -212 177 -202 189 -142L218 -1C238 -10 266 -12 283 -12C351 3 429 48 483 105C543 168 570 242 570 304ZM482 289C482 161 380 33 304 33C278 33 248 51 233 69L303 396C326 400 352 403 369 403C428 403 482 380 482 289Z"/></g></svg> values of less than 0.25. Finally, statistical significance was declared at a <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" id="M2" height="10.2124pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -6.78297 7.83752 10.2124" width="7.83752pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-113"/></g></svg> value of less than 0.05. <i>Results</i>. A total of 210 participants were involved in this study, which has a 99.5% response rate. Of these, 73 (34.8%) were subjected to rape. Shockingly, the majority (79.5%) of those who experienced rape reported that their perpetrator did not use a condom. Smoking (AOR: 4.3; 95% CI: 1.61, 10.93), drinking alcohol (AOR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.43, 7.03), and having a boyfriend (AOR: 2.81; 95% CI: 21, 4.05) were found to be factors associated with rape. <i>Conclusion</i>. This study found a high prevalence of rape in the study area. The study also identified that participants’ behaviors, such as having a boyfriend, smoking, and drinking alcohol, predispose them to rape. Therefore, we recommend that the camp’s administrative bodies and humanitarian service organizations strengthen the preventive measures against rape crime, including the reinforcement of solid laws against perpetrators.

Bhan Sudan Kong

Wubishet Gezimu

Ababo Demeke

Abdissa Duguma

Prevalence of Rape and Its Predictors among Female Students Attending Elementary Schools: In the Case of Kule Refugee Camp, Gambella, Southwest Ethiopia—A Cross-Sectional Study

Despite the high rates of adolescent pregnancies, the utilization of modern contraceptives is still low among adolescents in Uganda which highlights a missed opportunity for the prevention of unwanted pregnancies among adolescents. We explored the perception of parents and guardians regarding the use of modern contraceptives by adolescents and the roles parents and guardians play in the use of modern contraceptives by the adolescents. A descriptive qualitative study was conducted in one of the suburbs of Arua city in the West Nile subregion in Uganda. Fifteen (15) in-depth interviews were conducted with parents and or guardians to explore their perceptions and roles regarding the use of modern contraceptives by adolescents. Thematic analysis was used in qualitative data analysis. Parents did not support adolescents’ use of modern contraceptives. Lack of parental support was related to perceptions that modern contraceptives promote sexual promiscuity, fear that it causes infertility and that it is incompatible with cultural, religious, and moral norms. Parents and guardians opted to emphasize the importance of abstinence, conformity with cultural and religious norms, and the need to focus on completing school instead of encouraging the use of modern contraceptives. Few parents and guardians supported the use of modern contraceptives, specifically condoms, to prevent unwanted pregnancy by the adolescents and parents/guardians, sexually transmitted infections, and early school dropouts. Parents and guardians expressed feelings of inadequacy related to discussions on contraception use with their adolescent children and therefore avoided talking about it. Our study reveals a lack of parental support regarding the use of modern contraceptives among adolescents. Public health interventions which promote intergenerational, socioculturally, and religiously appropriate communication should be instituted in the communities in order to promote sustainable adoption of modern contraceptive use among adolescents.

Godfrey Jalinga Vuamaiku

Joshua Epuitai

Monicah Andru

Mary Aleni

“I Don’t Support It for My Children”: Perceptions of Parents and Guardians regarding the Use of Modern Contraceptives by Adolescents in Arua City, Uganda

<i>Background</i>. Client satisfaction is an important and commonly used indicator for measuring the quality of health care as it affects clinical outcomes, patient retention, and medical malpractice claims. To limit unintended pregnancies and avoid repeated abortions promoting abortion care services is crucial. In Ethiopia, problems related to abortion were neglected, and access to quality abortion care was very limited. Similarly, information related to abortion care service, particularly clients’ satisfaction, and associated factors are limited in the study area that the study will be going to fill. <i>Methods</i>. A facility-based cross-sectional study design was employed on 255 women who came for abortion service in public health facilities of Mojo town and were included consecutively. The data was coded and entered into Epi info version 7 software and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression models were applied to identify the associated factors. Model fitness and multicollinearity were checked by using the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test and the variance inflation factor (VIF). Adjusted odds ratios and their 95% confidence were reported. <i>Results</i>. A total of 255 study subjects were included in this study with a 100% response rate. The study depicted that 56.5% (95% CI: 51.3, 61.7 of the clients were satisfied with abortion care service. Having college and above educational level (AOR: 0.27; 95% CI: (0.14, 0.95), employee occupation (AOR: 1.86; 95% CI: (1.41, 2.93), medical abortion as a type of uterine evacuation (AOR: 3.93; 95% CI: (1.75, 8.83), and natural method of family planning users (AOR: 0.36; 95% CI: (0.08, 0.60) were factors associated with women’s satisfaction. <i>Conclusion</i>. The overall satisfaction towards abortion care was considerably lower. Waiting time, cleanness of rooms, lack of laboratory service, and availability of service providers are mentioned factors for client dissatisfaction.

Tola Oda

Midekso Sento

Atoma Negera

Women’s Satisfaction with Abortion Care and Associated Factors in Public Health Facilities of Mojo Town, East Ethiopia

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<p><em>International Journal of Reproductive Medicine</em> publishes original&nbsp;research and review articles on reproductive medicine.</p>


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International Journal of Reproductive Medicine - Table of contents 2023

International Journal of Reproductive Medicine | Hindawi

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International Journal of Reproductive Medicine publishes original research and review articles on reproductive medicine.

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International Journal of Reproductive Medicine

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International Journal of Reproductive Medicine